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The Sun


Sunspots are magnetic regions on the Sun with magnetic field strengths thousands of times stronger than the Earth's magnetic field (2). The magnetic field lines just below the Sun's surface are twisted and poke though the solar photosphere (3). The field is strongest in the darker parts of the sunspots - the umbra. The field is weaker and more horizontal in the lighter part - the penumbra (2). Because these sunspots have there own magnetic field they also have their own north and south poles. Contrary to what you might expect sunspots have order in their creation. All spots on the same hemisphere have their north and south poles pointing in the same direction and ones on the other hemisphere have opposite poles. Throughout the course of time many people have observed sunspots and have complied data on them, including time, size, and location. We have used this data to compile what we believe as the sunspot cycle. The sunspots reach a maximum every 11 years and then falls almost to zero before the cycle starts again (1). But to complicate things the sunspots undergo a change after the 11-year cycle in which they switch their polarity signs. Because of this reversing of signs the cycle actually a 22-year cycle. What causes this cycle is the result of the Sun's magnetic field constantly stretching, twisting, and folding of the magnetic field lines because of the combined effects of the differential rotation and convection (1). The latitudes of the sunspots vary with time. As the sunspots get older its latitude increases away from the equator until they eventually fade away (1). Only new sunspots occur close to the equator and they too start to fade away as the gain latitude. Because of the centuries of data collected on sunspots we have used it to forecast future sunspot activity. Charts like the one below have been postulated, but there are many different charts predicting different number but they are have generally the right numbers.


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