These tools allowed the builders to lay out straight lines and perfect right angles." These tools also allowed them to adjust the sides and corners of the pyramids in line with the alignment of the stars. It is clear that the Egyptians used their understanding of the stars to help them in constructing the pyramids. British Egyptologist IES Edwards argued that "true north was most likely found by measuring the place where a particular star rose and fell in the east and west. After this measurement was taken, one would then divide the angle between those two points." More recently, Kate Spence from the University of Cambridge developed a theory that the builders of the Great Pyramid sighted on two stars, Ursa Minor and Ursa Major, rotating around the north pole. "These would have been in perfect alignment around the year 2467 BC which is the time when Khufu's pyramid is believed to have been under construction." This theory is also supported by the fact that "inaccuracies in the orientations of earlier and later pyramids can be closely correlated with the degree to which the alignment of the two stars deviates from true north.".
The pyramids were constructed using blocks of limestone and granite. These blocks ranged in size from forty tons to less than one ton. The most amazing aspect of this is that each and every block was placed by hand. It is estimated that the number of blocks used in completing the three pyramids equals close to seven million cubic yards. After the core of the pyramid was completed, the Egyptians covered it with stones that fit together precisely. These stones were then polished until they shone in the sun. It is believed that the Egyptians took so much pride in their work because they were not just simply building a tomb for their pharaoh, they were building Egypt.
The Egyptians had a great understanding of mathematics. This greatly enables them in the construction of the pyramids.