Implicit studies of intelligence have been at the heart of psychology for the last two decades or so (Flugel, 1947; Shafer, 1999 in Furnham, 2001). The main concerns have been to look at the explicit theories on one hand and the implicit theories on the other. Sternberg (1990, in Furnham, 2001) differentiated between the two, defining the former as "constructions of psychologists that are based on, or at least tested, on data collected from people performing tasks presumed to measure intellectual functioning- (p.53), and the latter as "constructions of people (psychologists or lay person's or others) that reside in the minds of individuals, whether as definition or otherwise- (p.54). Distinguishing the differences between the two, he argued, would further inform us on how people evaluate their own and other's intelligence. This is the case with theories on gender and cultural differences in intelligence that have informed the lay people and governed their social behaviour (Brownlow & Durham, 1997). .
Issues concerning sex and race differences in intelligence continue to stimulate considerable debate (Furnham et al., 1999). Regardless of most tests having been devised so as not to indicate sex differences, studies on lay self-perceptions of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) show consistent sex differences (ibid.). However, other studies have indicated that with time lay and professional views of intelligence have shifted on a continuum that has men as superior to women on one end, to the end that holds men and women as possessing equal intelligence (Furnham, 2001.). As such, it might seem that perceptions of intelligence have shifted to a place that accommodates the balance between genders. Nevertheless, Eagly (1995, in Furnham et al., 1999) argues that this could be a consequence of the current socio-political climate that leads people to under-report existing differences. .
Lay people realise and appreciate the influence of environmental factors on test scores (Furnham, 2001).
The theme of race played a huge part in the novel Huckleberry Finn. One of the most apparent examples of race in this novel is the constant use of the derogatory word "nigger ". ... Jim Crow laws were also in effect at this time and designed to limit the power of blacks in the South. ... Though race wasn't supposed to be a main part in this novel, it was. ...
Racism Racism is the mistreatment of a group of people on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, place of origin, or ancestry. ... Racism has had a strong effect on society. ... Discrimination is the denial of equality based on personal characteristics, such as race and color. ... Some people believe that race is the primary determinant of human abilities and capacities and behave as if racial differences produce inherent superiorities. ... Whenever people discuss race relations today and the effect of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, they remember the work of Dr...
Issues concerning sex and race differences in intelligence continue to stimulate considerable debate (Furnham et al., 1999). ... Perceived intelligence as a study is also interesting since it provides an insight into race issues. Most ideologies of racism espouse the superiority of one race over another (Van Dijk, 1984). ... Another exemplar is the white race group's imposition of its perceptions of intelligence onto the black race. ... The hypothesis holds that unspecified environmental factors affect the development of IQ, resulting in the observed differences in mean levels among child...
Race can be related to history. ... Race is a biological category, not to be confused with ethnicity. ... Depending on what race you are, your social, political, and economic ways of life can be effected. ... Racism has all to do with race. ... Growing up I didn't necessarily learn about race. ...
Race and education are two things that seem to have a very large affect on each other. ... Ideally, race would not affect education at all, and likewise, education would not affect race. ... This is one way that education has an effect on race. ... If America were all one race it would be much easier to have a universally high level of literacy. ... Race and education exist together and will always affect each other....
Regressions utilizing the poverty variables with both fixed and semi-relative thresholds are estimated for all families and separately for families by the race, sex, and age of heads. ... Second, the TAL study has a disaggregation of results by race, sex, and age. TAL's results suggest that economic growth has little direct effect on families headed by females or the elderly only. ... Last but not least, the specification of the TAL model does not allow for measurement of the total effect of economic growth on poverty. The estimate, b1 + b4D, measures only the partial effect of %GNP o...
The Declining Significance of Race. How did the significance of race decline? ... There are three stages of American race relations. ... The primary reason for blacks being treated the way they are is due to society taking into effect their race rather than their class. ... In this article race is black and white. ...
This leads to an introduction of the intersectionality of race and gender. ... Frameworks that focus exclusively on either race or gender overlook those who are effected by both. ... Political intersectionality addresses how politics that treat race and gender as mutually exclusively leads to the marginalization of women of color. ... Representational intersectionality analyzes the way women of color are negatively depicted based on their race and gender. ... In fact, the exclusive politics of race and politics of gender served to silence and marginalize Black women. ...
Race has always been a delicate subject. ... Some people believe that by talking about race, you are promoting racial thinking, but the reality is that racism exists and it will continue to exist. ... It is important to start from the beginning and point out that "race is a relatively new concept"[ CITATION Mor14 l 1033 ]. ... Ultimately, what the Europeans did was, "deprive the native peoples of their cultures and identities- in effect, to enslave them" [ CITATION Edm69 l 1033]. ... Race has been used as a method of oppression and unimaginable evil. ...