Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
What is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? .
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a group of chronic disorders that begin in childhood and sometimes last into adult life. In general, children and adults with ADHD have a hard time paying attention and concentrating (inattention), sitting still (hyperactivity) and controlling impulsive behavior (O"Meara, 2002, p.36). These problems can affect nearly every aspect of life. Children and adults with ADHD often struggle with low self-esteem, troubled personal relationships and poor performance in school or at work. ADHA is sometimes referred to as ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder), but most doctors today prefer ADHD to include the hyperactivity aspect of the condition. It has taken a long time for doctors to come to an agreement as to exactly how to diagnose ADHD, and to whether or not is really is a disorder. Finally in 1998 the National Institute of Mental Health agreed that ADHD is a legitimate condition (Carlson & Mann, 2002, p.124). The most difficult factor for doctors when it comes to ADHD is giving a correct diagnosis. Sometimes it is hard to distinguish a disorder from the normal hyperactivity of children (Donahue, 2002).
Signs and Symptoms.
The symptoms of ADHD are grouped into two broad categories: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsive behavior. Signs and symptoms of inattention include: failure to pay close attention to detail, difficulty organizing tasks or activities, easily distracted, often forgetful, and failure to follow through on instructions. The symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity may include: fidgeting with hands or feet, excessive talking, difficulty waiting his or her turn, often interrupts, and difficulty staying seated (Roland, Umbach, Stallone, & Naftel, 2002, p.231). Most doctors diagnose children with ADHD if they show at least six signs from either category for at least six months (Kowalczyk, 2002, p.