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"Socioeconomic, ethnic, and cultural variations among fathers affect the father's role and their level of involvement with their children. National-level studies have consistently found strong links between socioeconomic status and father involvement. Fathers who are able to provide economically for their children are more likely to be engaged with and nurturing of their children" (Blair 1994).
"Across time and cultures, fathers have always been considered essential--and not just for their sperm. Indeed, until today, no known society ever thought of fathers as potentially unnecessary. Marriage and the nuclear family--mother, father, and children--are the most universal social institutions in existence. In no society has the birth of children out of wedlock been the cultural norm. To the contrary, a concern for the legitimacy of children is nearly universal."(Popenoe1993).
A variety of studies have articulated a relationship between the father's interactional style and cognitive development of children. Radi and Russell (1975) report that boys" contact with their fathers promotes intellectual development. These fathers" model modes of thinking and problem solving, which their sons internalize. However, cognitive development in boys is negatively affected by paternal restrictiveness, hostility, and authoritarian discipline and control. The positive relationship between paternal contact and cognitive development is less strong for girls Pruett (1996).
A theory that is relevant to this research is cognitive theory it supports the premise that emotion, motivate goal and behavior are conscious events tat are usually consequences of conscious thought except in cases of physical addictions. This theory is used to modify behavior through conscious efforts". Turner (1986).
Father's involvement help curbs violence by eliminating the rage that many male children (and later adult males) feel and express toward women.