Observational Learning

            Observational learning (OL) occurs when from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed. An observer's behavior changes after viewing the behavior of a model. We observe the behavior of other, observe the consequences, and later will imitate their behavior. An observer's behavior can be affected by the positive or negative consequences--called vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment-- of a model's behavior. .
             There are several guiding principles behind observational learning, or social learning theory: .
             The observer will imitate the model's behavior if the model possesses characteristics-- things such as talent, intelligence, power, good looks, or popularity--that the observer finds attractive or desirable. .
             The observer will imitate the model's behavior if the model possesses characteristics-- things such as talent, intelligence, power, good looks, or popularity--that the observer finds attractive or desirable. .
             The observer will react to the way the model is treated and mimic the model's behavior. When the model's behavior is rewarded, the observer is more likely to reproduce the rewarded behavior. When the model is punished, an example of vicarious punishment, the observer is less likely to reproduce the same behavior. .
             A distinction exists between an observer's "acquiring" a behavior and "performing" a behavior. Through observation, the observer can acquire the behavior without performing it. The observer may then later, in situations where there is an incentive to do so, display the behavior. .
             Learning by observation involves four main points or separate processes: attention, retention, production and motivation. .
             1. Attention: Observers cannot learn unless they pay attention to what's happening around them. In this process the individual notices something in the environment. The process is influenced by characteristics of the model, such as how much one likes or identifies with the model, and by characteristics of the observer, such as the observer's expectations or level of emotional arousal.