The tenant's behavior and characteristics reflected those of their surrounding conditions. Their housing was dark and filthy, as were their habits. The most popular hangout of the average tenant was the saloon, and conveniently enough it was usually located on the first floor of the tenement buildings. They hardly bathed or cleaned, and basically lived like animals. Riis was convinced that the nature of the poor's environment was the major factor in the development of their morals and personalities, Riis states: "An individuals future was shaped ultimately by environmental factors."(Pg. 29) Although Riis does admit some unfavorable hereditary characteristics also might attribute to keeping a man from success. The tenement was the biggest hindrance to achieving the American myth of rags to riches. It becomes impossible for one to rise up in the social structure when it can be considered a miracle to live passed the age of five. Children under the age of five living in tenements had a death rate of 139.83 compared to the city's overall death rate of 26.67. Even if one did live past the age of five it was highly probable he"d become a criminal, since virtually all of them originate from the tenements. They are forced to steal and murder, they"ll do anything to survive, Riis appropriately calls it the "survival of the unfittest". (Pg. 40) Riis believed that the tenants had no choice but to behave as they did. The persons Riis holds responsible instead are the landlords. Riis believed the landlord dictated the tenement environment. Riis claimed landlords: "Frequently urged the filthy habits of the tenants as an excuse for the condition of their property, utterly losing sight of the fact that it was the tolerance of those habits which was the real evil, and that for this they themselves were alone responsible."(Pg. 64) The tenements were growing worse, their populations increased and their conditions decreased.