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            Black death- combination of bubonic and pneumonic plague. 1st swept through Europe in 1347, than returned for 3 yrs. on intervals. It originated in the Gobi desert of Mongolia and spread along the western trade routes and reached ports along the black sea. If received by a flee the person would swell and die w/in 4-7 days; if inhaled the person would cough up blood and die w/in 3 days. The population declined by 40%.
             Great schism- France and other countries in French political orbit recognized Clement as the pope while the rest of Europe said Urban was. International monastic orders divided into Roman Avignonese camps. Each camp had its own cardinal who was named after an Italian or French successor. It ended in 1417 by the council of Constance.
             100 yrs.- conflicts between Britain and France that lasted from 1337-1453. The French had expanded their rule and hoped to expel the English. There was also an economic interest in woolen trade w/Flanders. Later the war involved a succession dispute over the French crown itself. The war strengthened the powers of the French crown. Major problem was that British territory was held by the English kings.
             Machiavelli- his writings reflect the condition of Italy during his time. In 1498 Machiavelli became a prominent official in the gov't of the Florentine republic. He wrote the Prince which was a handbook for tyrants in the eyes of his critics. He saw the Prince Borgia as the only hope for revitalizing the spirit of independence among his temporaries making them fit for republican rule.
             Erasmus- expert in handling greek and latin. Translated the bible into latin. Criticized the church and wrote a book about it.
             Martin Luther- was a German monk of the H.R.E. he was a priest who maintained his P.H.D. in biblical works and was a teacher of theology at Witten B. University. Luther broke w/Rome b/c of his doctrine of justification by the faith that German masses followed him in a surge of religious nationalism and that princes were moved to institute Lutheranism.