They argued, therefore, that memory theorists should abandon the notion of discrete memory stores and, instead, think of memory as a continuum of metal processing. They termed this view the level of processing framework as shown by Craik and Lockhart (1972). They developed a theoretical framework that provides an elegant account of the role of intention to learn in memorisation and that makes startling predictions. Craik and Lockhart argued that route rehearsal, saying words over and over without any other cognitive processing, would not lead to successful storage in long-term memory. What determines successful storage and later retrieval of information are the kinds of cognitive operations that are carried out on the material to be memorised. They distinguished between shallow and deep operations and in doing so managed to focus on the nature of the processes used to encode a stimulus Shallow operations involved attending to orthographic characteristics of the word or simple rehearsal. Intermediate operations involved generating a rhyme for the word. Deep operations all involved accessing and manipulating meaningful or semantic information associated with the word, like being required to incorporate the word in a meaningful sentence. Therefore confronting the multistore model in doing so. .
Concurrently with Craik and Lockhart, Hyde and Jenkins (1973) and Hyde (1973) did a series of experiments that strongly confirmed the Craik and Lockhart depth of processing hypothesis, that deep processing leads to very durable memory traces. They experimented on a series of classical incidental learning experiments in which they manipulated the characteristics of the orientating task. They found that subjects given tasks that required meaningful or semantic manipulations of the words but no instructions to learn recalled lists of words as well as subjects given explicit instructions to memorise the materials.
It affects brain processes that control movement, emotional response, and ability to experience pleasure and pain, similar to adrenaline, another chemical messenger. ... (Deth, 2000) The pleasure of a favorite Tv show, or a bowl of favorite ice cream may all be related to a rise in dopamine levels in the normal person's brain. ... So these drugs with similar effects produce their actions through entirely different processes. ...