Mongolia was an economic colony of the Soviet Union until early in the 20th century. Consequently between 1921 and 1990 it had an economic system which reflected the Soviet's control : it had a centralized, socialist political system and an economy based on central planning and collectivization. Under the umbrella of the Soviet Union Mongolia had made significant progress in improving the general living standards of the population, specifically in the areas of education and public health (Tsogtsaikhan: 2003:1). The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 resulted in Mongolia shifting dramatically towards a market orientated economy. A parallel development was the replacement of the old centralized style of government with a multiparty system of government of the kind found in Western Europe.
The attempt to replace the centralized, collectivized economic system with a free market economy was (and continues to be) fraught with difficulties. The attempt at transformation has caused much hardship and dislocation, both economically and politically. Compounding the inherent difficulties of transforming a controlled collective economy into a free market economy were three major shocks. First was the dramatic reduction and subsequent termination of soviet aid in 1989 and 1991. It is estimated that this aid was equal to as much as 30 per cent of the gross national product (Griffin:1995: 3). Secondly the collapse of the CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) which had until then provided 93 per cent of Mongolia's trade meant that the country suddenly lost its export market and suffered a sharp deterioration in its external terms of trade. Thirdly the senior technical advisors from the Soviet Union withdrew , leaving the state without experienced people to help them run the economy just as the transition to a new economic system began (Griffin: 4). .
Symptomatic of the difficulties and destabilization that accompanied the introduction of a market economy where the difficulties that accompanied the privatization of live-stock and the dismantling of the socialist herding collectives.
I researched the country Mongolia. ... Mongolia is slightly smaller than Alaska. ... Secure in its relations with Moscow, the Mongolian Government switched to development, focusing on civilian enterprise. ... In 1983, Mongolia orderly began expelling some of the 7,000 ethnic Chinese in Mongolia to China. ... I researched the country Mongolia. ...
Weatherford concludes his book with an Epilogue giving a brief summary of Genghis Khan's life and how his conquest of the largest empire in history had a great impact on the development of the modern world. ... A key factor in the successful spread of the Mongol empire across Asia and Europe was the development of an international mail system. ... He started the first forms of the system back when he was just a chief leader on the steppes of Mongolia. ... When he defeated the Naiman tribe of Mongolia he acquired the scribes from that tribe and hired them. ... So, Genghis Khan developed ...
Why, then, did the development of horseback riding occur so much later than in some less sophisticated societies? ... The Chinese sedentary lifestyle did not demand horseback riding the way the Mongolians" did. ... Northeastern Chinese did not domesticate their horses for another 2,000 years after the Mongolians did. ... The attitude toward horses could not be more different in Mongolia. ... The survival of the Mongolians often depended on their mount, and a keeping a good, healthy horse was a source of pride. ...
Was occupied by Mongolia and suffered from Japanese expansion before World War the Second. ... In this perspective a deep cooperation with Soviet Union and later on with Russia will block any Chinese activities in the process of potential enlargement in Far East, Kazakhstan and Mongolia. ... Such new role was gained through various challenges that China faced on its way of development. ... Towards Mongolia, China by developing friendly relations can pretend on addition of 1,5 millions square kilometers of territory with 2 millions of population. ... Peace and development became main and import...
I learned this method when I joined a shooting in Mongolia. ... The setup is an introduction of story, and it is taken over by development of first act. ... In this part, new developments, the appearance of conflict, or change in situations would be described. ...
To make trade easier he standardized the length of the axles of carts so every cart could run smoothly in the ruts of the new roads and enforced a common coinage which not only benefited economic development and cultural exchanged but it also had a strong and long lasting influence on Imperial China proving to be of great importance in later years. One of his greatest achievements out of all others and probably most commonly known were joining all the parts of the Great Wall of China as one to further enhance the protection of imperial China against fierce tribes including the Mongolians. ...
And not only do people influence the development of music, but music influences the development of society. ... This statement can be backed up by looking outside America, to Mongolia, where "MTV is available on cable television, bootleg CDs blare from kiosks- Here, western music has had a great influence on the musical tendencies and affections of society. Music suited to the likings of American teenagers is enjoyed by teenagers and middle-aged Mongolians alike. ... Rap-style music in Mongolia is free from the slanderous and violent tones that line American rap, because the environment is...