All types of radiation are suitable for killing micro-organisms but some impracticability's exist. .
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X-rays and Gamma rays are used for their ionizing capabilities and transmit large amounts of energy. Because X-ray and Gamma radiation have no mass they have good penetration capabilities and produce disperse radiation fields. Gamma radiation easily harnessed from radioactive isotopes, the usual source of which is Cobalt . .
Ultraviolet radiation is particularly affective at killing micro-organisms in the air at wavelengths from 240 nm to 250 nm. Ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by DNA which it disrupts.
Radiation has the advantage that is can be used in moisture sensitive and temperature sensitive applications and no toxic agents are involved. The main disadvantages depend on type of radiation being used but include high set up costs, training, security and disposal requirements due to the dangerous nature of radioactive isotopes. Benefits of gamma radiation are precision dosing with uniform dose distribution, rapid processing, and the immediate availability of products after processing.
CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES.
Ethylene Oxide.
Ethylene Oxide sterilization is a diffusion controlled chemical process, it destroys micro-organisms ability to reproduce through an alkalization reaction. Products are placed in permeable packaging, to allow the ethylene eoxide to penetrate the sterile barrier and reach all surfaces of the device. Ethylene chlorohydrin, a non-volatile residue remains after processing, so an aeration period is required to allow the gas to dissipate to levels that are safe for handling of the processed product.
Ethylene oxide is kept in gas form above it's boiling point of 10.8°C, is colourless odourless and miscible with water. Concentrations of Ethylene Oxide above 3% are flammable and explosive, this is overcome by mixing with an inert gas such as CO2 to produce Carboxide which has a composition 1 part Ethylene Oxide + 9 parts CO2.
After years of encouraging reproduction, in 1979 the Chinese government instigated a policy known today as the one-child policy. The policy has been praised as effective for making sure that China will be able to continue to support its large population. But it is also reviled because of human righ...
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Jesus said nothing about birth control, large or small families, childlessness, homosexuality, masturbation, fornication, premarital intercourse, sterilisation, artificial insemination, abortion, sex, foreplay, petting and courtship. ...
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