This legislation, along with an executive order in 1965, helped blacks by forcing businesses receiving federal funds to stop using aptitude tests and other criteria that tended to discriminate against blacks ("affirmative action"). Eventually, these laws expanded to incorporate women and other ethnic minorities including American Indians and Hispanics.
Laws have also broadened affirmative action to public universities as well as businesses. This led to universities setting quotas where it would accept so many members from a certain group, usually to create diversity. However, the Supreme Court ruled in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) by a 5-4 margin that "fixed quotas may not be set for places for minority applicants for medical school if white applicants are denied a chance to compete for those places" ("affirmative action"). This ruling also reaffirmed that race could be considered in decisions involving admissions. .
In the past 10 years, affirmative action has come under fire in the courts. Starting with several cases in 1989, the Supreme Court has restricted affirmative action by:.
"[giving] greater weight to claims of reverse discrimination, outlawed the use of minority set-asides in cases where prior racial discrimination could not be proved, and placed stricter limits on states' use of racial preferences than it did on the federal government. In Adarand Constructors v. Pena (1995), the court placed stricter limits on affirmative-action programs, stating they were unconstitutional unless they fulfilled a 'compelling governmental interest'." ("affirmative action") .
Currently in the Supreme Court, there are five justices who have never voted for affirmative action based on race: Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Sandra Day O'Connor, Anthony Kennedy, Antonin Scalia, and Clarence Thomas (Tummala). So it appears that any issues in the near future take up by the Supreme Court on affirmative action are likely to limit it once again.
Affirmative action is a question of morals. Affirmative action is a growing argument among our society. ... Is affirmative action fair? ... Affirmative action should definitely be looked into with greater depth. In order to create a system that is fair the government needs to do additional research in improving its present situation. ...
This compromise can also be known as a form of Affirmative Action. ... (Froomkin C6) In support of affirmative action, many people have organized groups to support their cause- keeping Affirmative Action. ... It's only fair. ... Affirmative action, an idea to supposedly counter the disadvantages to living in these slums, only takes away a fair opportunity for the majority. ... In affirmative action, it does just that. ...
The battle against affirmative action has gone so far as to halting affirmative action in places such as Missouri, and even drastically ending affirmative action in California. ... Affirmative action was organized with good intentions, however quickly many groups organized to protest affirmative action. Despite affirmative actions greatness there are intense debates. Affirmative action was ended by the foe of affirmative action, Ward Connerly. ... It is believed by the foes of affirmative action that affirmative action allowed unqualified minorities admission into the best Universities in...
Affirmative action should be abolished. ... Affirmative action allows it and encourages it. ... There are several lawsuits against affirmative action and states are rallying to ban affirmative action. ... Some say that without affirmative action many minorities will not have a fair chance in today's world. ... If we really are truly living in a fair country that is striving to be fair to everyone and have equity then affirmative action must be abolished. ...
Affirmative action supporters make one large assumption when defending the policy. ... This hardly seems fair to punish so many innocent men for the crimes of a relative few. ... But, that is exactly what affirmative action does. ... These stunning facts shows just how many competent, if not gifted students fall between the cracks as a direct result of affirmative action (Affirmative action). ... Affirmative Action in the 1980's: Dismantling the Process of Discrimination. ...
Affirmative Action For more than two decades, affirmative action has been under continual assault. ... The race and gender based prohibiting that is the object of current affirmative action policies remain the most noticeable examples of prejudice in apparently impartial selection processes. ... Affirmative action needs to focus on economics rather than race. A richer person in society doesn't need a leg up; the poor do, whether they are black, white, or purple. " Doe and others in similar situation advance two basic claims: first, that they have more value than benefices of affi...
Some information about affirmative action is generally affirmative action has been undertaken by governments, businesses, or educational institutions to remedy the effects of past discrimination against a group. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was created to prohibit discrimination and was the start of affirmative action. ... Kennedy was the first to use this term, and Nixon was the first to implement programs for affirmative action" (Bush). ... Now, because of affirmative action, gender plays a huge part in careers. ... A racial premise of this fairness challenge to affirmative action is the a...
Although ideally affirmative action seems quite ethical, there are many reasons why it's unjust. ... The implementation of affirmative action is now based upon assumption or reverse discrimination. ... On the flipside, the student may be brilliant, but the vigilance of affirmative action among fellow students creates assumption. ... But today, affirmative action is not really fair to use because it's no longer necessary. As an alternative to affirmative action I feel that colleges should base admissions on socioeconomic factors. ...
Affirmative Action 1. ... The topic I am going researched is affirmative action. ... Alternatively the group that will be against affirmative action and all of it issues, and will be the most upset about affirmative action would be the majority, also identified as white males. ... As for women gives them a fair chance, just like a male. ... Most of them voted that it had a positive affect, and it was effective and fair. ...
Affirmative Action Animosity Affirmative action is the U.S. program set forth in the early 1970's to correct the effects of past discrimination by giving preferential treatment to women and ethnic minorities in the workplace. At the time of affirmative action's induction to society, proponents of affirmative action programs felt that the only way to increase the number of minorities in the workplace was to establish a system of quotas to be maintained by law. ... Affirmative action has created numerous opportunities for women and minorities in this country. ... Affirmative action mus...