Galileo was a man who was very smart and had discovered many scientific ideas. He studied science for more than 25 years and had very strong beliefs. His beliefs were not truing to go against his faith which is what the church thought. That why they were so insulted by the books Galileo wrote. Galileo had done many experiments testing new ideas based on Science, but was not intending to make the church feel insulted.
There were many reasons for Galileo's innocense. Galileo believed in Copernicus's theory but he new he just had to find out more information on it and see if there's another way to prove it. Copernicus's Theory was that the planets, stars, and the earth all revolved around the sun. Galileo believed in this for the fact that he did a bunch of different experiments to prove this was true. He found out that Jupiter had four moons and that the sun had dark spots. When he figured this out, that was when he made a book and then people started to find out about it. The church's policy was where nothing was ever taken into consideration. People had discovered new things but the old beliefs are what stuck. The church belief are not necessarily need to be based on faith but on tangibility (the quality of being perceivable by touch).
The argues for the inquisition are based on god by faith. The church was the authority of the ancient knowledge and through the church is where the people found out about it. The church believed in the first theory made which was Ptolemy's Theory. His theory was that the planets, stars, and the sun all revolve around the earth and that was final. No other belief would the church accept. The Church had to remain authority on all issues and that is what they tried to do. If there was a man who brought a new theory by and it was true, then the one the church has been teaching would be false. People would then begin to think if other teaching were right or wrong, so this is why they went against Galileo.