• studied law, philosophy, and history.
• lifelong collaboration w/ Friedrich Engels.
• develop a communist ideology.
• 1848 produced Communist Manifesto: urging workers to rise and take over the means of production for the exploiting capitalist class.
• 1864 founded First International: purpose to unite workers everywhere in a revolutionary struggle.
• Suggested a new way of looking at social life and history: he saw material and economic conditions as a responsible for the shaping of our values, morality, attitudes, and political institutions. .
• Singled out property relations to the key element and the exploitation of "have-nots" by the "haves" to be at the heart of liberal capitalism.
• Capital first pub. 1867, 2nd and 3rd by Engels in 1885 and 1894.
• Manifesto of the Communist Party 1848 written at the request of a small group of radicals: the Communist League.
JOHN STUART MILL.
• Essay On Liberty 1859: developed the theory of moral (as opposed simply to economic) individualism and linked it to requirements of education and enlightenment. .
• He is most well known as a strong advocate of individualism.
• Feared that the advent of democracy was bringing with it a stifling pressure to conform to the conventional or popular opinion. .
• The Subjection of Women1869: was free to think and act for him or herself.
JEREMY BENTHAM.
• Founder of Utilitarian School, which proposed that people maximize pleasure and minimize pain (felicific calculus), and that these impulses were the source of human motivation.
• Fragments on Government and Defense of Usury and Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.
• Expounded the theories of individualism and economic freedom. .
EDMUND BURKE.
• Most eloquent expounder of British conservative ideology.