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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 

             What is the meaning of Artificial Intelligence? There are several definitions to A. but it is an area in computer science that artificial systems are capable of human-like problem solving or skilled responding. It is a major role in cognitive research and in lives. .
             Brief History of Artifical Intelligence:.
             The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Artificial intelligence includes .
            
             • games playing: programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers .
            
             • expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms) .
            
             • natural language : programming computers to understand natural human languages .
            
             • neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains .
            
             • robotics : programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli .
             AI is divided into 6 main categories:.
            
             • knowledge representation and reasoning.
            
             • planning and problem solving .
            
             • natural language processing.
            
             • machine learning.
            
             • computer vision.
            
             • robotics.
              "Knowledge representation and reasoning- are considered to be the core problems in AI This problem has 3 main approaches:.
             1. logical approach "where conclusions are based on "if-then- rules.
             2. probabilistic approach "knowledge is represented as a numerical probability and reasoning will involve computing the probability of an alternative conclusion.
             3. neural network approach "knowledge is represented as a network of interconnected units that perform certain tasks by exchanging information. (This approach mimics a neurons behavior-the cells in the brain process information).
            


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