Asia and Indo-European people brought over domesticated horses. They got wheat and barley for Mesopotamia. They also domesticated other animals including cattle, sheep, and goats. Their agricultural sophistication increased by adding sorghum, yams, gourds, watermelon, and cotton. When they traded with a lot of these cities it lead to small-scale wars because of the political and economic reasons. (Traditions Encountered pg. 63) .
Egypt developed a specialization of labor because of the jobs that emerged. They included traders, agricultures, painters, scholars, and embalers. This led to cultural distinctions between the people. This was also discovered because of the distinctions there were in cemeteries. Egypt also organized specialized states. Around 5000 B.C.E. kings began to rule these states. Egypt because of the geographical region was able to increase their population dramatically. With this population increase they were able to increase their power. All the rulers around the Nile Valley came together and formed a unified Egypt in 3100 B.C.E. .
One of the major geographic territories was Ta-Seti. It was originally the capital of Nubia but went in and out of Egyptian control throughout their realm. Around the time of 3100B.C.E. there was a famous ruler of Egypt named Menes. He was a very determined man and controlled many territories. He started the city of Memphis. Memphis became a cultural and political center for ancient Egypt. With this idea he created a centralized ruler and Menes became the first pharaoh. .
The early pharaohs were said to be gods that were living on earth. Through the influence of Sudan, Egypt developed divine Kinship. The early pharaohs were suppose to be descendants of Horus. Horus was the Egyptian sky god. Later on in Egyptian culture the pharaohs were thought to be descendants of Amon. Amon was the Egyptian sun god. It was thought that when the pharaohs died they would go up and join Amon.