The utterance alone does the pointing. The second is that the referent of the pure indexical depends on the context. For example, the referent of the sentence "I am here" depends on who is uttering the sentence. .
Principle 2 (P2) at first glance seems to be in conflict with P1. However, Kaplan gives two notions as to why P1 and P2 are not in conflict but actually parallel. The first notion is context of use (contexts) and the second is circumstance of evaluation (circumstance). These two notions must be kept in mind if we are to avoid conflict between P1 and P2. However, before I detail these notions we must first understand what is meant by "directly referential" as stated in P2.
Kaplan uses the term "directly referential" for an expression whose referent, once determined, is taken as fixed for all possible circumstances. This does not necessarily mean that the expression will pick out the same object in all possible worlds, such as Kripke's "rigid designator". As Kaplan states, it is an expression whose semantical rules provide directly that the referent in all possible circumstances is fixed to be the actual referent.
Moving back to P2 I mentioned that there are two notions, context and circumstance. Context in terms of an expression is used to pick out a complex state when attached to a word meaning to give a context. For example:.
"Tomorrow" refers to the day after today. To secure a referent for the word tomorrow we must know what day the word was uttered. That is, the context of "tomorrow" is a function of the context of "today". If the context of today is Monday then tomorrow refers to the day after Monday, which of course is Tuesday.
The second notion of P2 is that of circumstance. Circumstance is used to pick out a state of affairs, that is, the expression being made true or false. It should be noted that in order to pick out the truth or falsity of an expression we must first know the context of which the expression was made.
Services Kaplan Inc is a subsidiary of The Washington Post Company. ... Kaplan is able to enroll these students, which in turn affects profitability. ... The philosophy is that if a student feels respected and valued, they will choose Kaplan and refer their friends and family. ... Technology is a big part of what Kaplan does. ... Significant Costs One significant cost for Kaplan is in technology. ...
Kaplan and William Kristol. ... Kaplan and Kristol's novel came from a conservative viewpoint which favored the war in Iraq. ... Kaplan and William Kristol are the authors of "The War over Iraq: Saddam's Tyranny and America's Mission. " Lawrence Kaplan and William Kristol are two very accomplished men. ... William Kristol taught political philosophy and American politics at the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. ... Kaplan and Kristol explain how, "The notion that "containment is working " is wishful. ...
(Johnson and Kaplan, 1987) Modern cost management systems have lost their relevance to management in that they do not provide accurate and timely data to the various levels of management to assess return on investment, profitability, and overall performance. ... The continuing relevance of management accounting in the 'new economy' of the Information Age enterprises is addressed, as are recent management philosophies. ... This growth in production infrastructure was accompanied by the appearance for the first time of large retail establishments selling finished goods in larg...
Through her appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos, Kaplan presents a compelling argument. ... Kaplan begins her argument with a background history of the organization. ... After building a foundation for her case, Kaplan states her thoughts and beliefs. ... Kaplan believed, "a woman's decision about abortion needed to be underscored as an active choice about her life" (Kaplan 472). ... For example, Kaplan could address the states" interest to protect the fetus's life. ...
Kaplan's book can give one a truly solid background into the leadership and order of our government. ... David Kaplan is a writer for Newsweek, who has much experience and insight into the entire matter. ... Kaplan does what he can with bias. ... Details and descriptions are plenty, and unless Kaplan made it all up, he did his homework. ... David Kaplan's witty and humorous style pushes each historical factoid forward with flair. ...
In another study Kaplan and Singer (1976) propose another view toward televised violence increasing aggressive behavior. ... The evidence in this study is in support of the null view (Kaplan & Singer, 1976). ... If some of the children begin to get more active they may stimulate the other children to act accordingly (Kaplan & Singer 1976). Kaplan and Singer cite several studies in which viewing violence did not cause an increase in aggression. ... With the above data it is certainly possible to see why Kaplan and Singer feel the null-effect view to be the most plausible one. ...
The book is very well documented in that Johnson and Kaplan were able to deduce different conclusions made by others. ... Johnson and Kaplan highlight a number of firms that made important contributions to management accounting. ... Johnson and Kaplan observed that managers under pressure to achieve short-term profit targets might cut back on discretionary expenditures (1997). ... The continuing relevance of management accounting in the 'new economy' of the Information Age enterprises is addressed, as are recent management philosophies. ... Johnson and Kaplan also presented t...
Philosophy comes in to take the challenging topics, like the meaning of life and existence. ... All of this criticism is the reason that philosophy feels so uncomfortable to us. ... Until we have quenched our insatiable thirst for truth, we will know philosophy. ... Philosophy makes life worth living. ...
Decision making vs. Critical Thinking The relationship between critical thinking and decision-making is much more different than what most people think. Critical thinking is the process by which one evaluates information on a given problem. The process of reaching logical conclusions, solving probl...