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The Industrial Revolution set forth for more modifications of liberalism. As a result of a rapid growing industry, people were attracted to cities. The social outcomes tended to be negative with children suffering appalling working conditions and attributed to ways people began to view the government. Liberals believed strongly in the human capability to apply reason to achieve economic success. Liberals argued that such working conditions and long hours would alter a person's understanding of their own human potential. Liberals also changed the way in which they viewed government intervention. They justified government intervention with the notion that the government should be protective of its citizens and remedy the abuses of unregulated industry. Greater humanitarianism was also a result of the changing in liberalistic views. Reforms were created such as child labor laws, equality for women and humane treatment of prisoners and the mentally ill. The abolition of slavery and an end on war to solve conflicts were also affects of liberalistic change. .
Liberalism, however, was not accepted universally. Conserves had rejected the liberal traditions of the Enlightenment as well as those of the French Revolution. They preferred a hierarchical society and also favored the community over the individual. Conserves valued the past, tradition, and religion in high respects. They also went against the liberal idea of believing humans are innately good and felt that individualism was a treat to the health of the community. By the late nineteenth century conserves argued against liberals as felt there were boundaries in how far reason could reshape society and that irrational forces were more powerful than liberals believed them to be.
Nationalism and socialism were also rivals against liberalism. After the Romantic Movement, nationalism and socialism spread as people began to take more pride in their past and ancestry.