Different forms of soap have been used for at least 2,300 years. The Phoenicians formed a type of soap from goat's tallow and wood ashes in 600 BC and used it to barter (History). The first soap, which resembles what we have today, was made by the Italians and Spanish from goat fat and beech tree ash (Coss 6). What was once a home craft has now developed into a booming industry. .
Large and small scale soap making involves the mixture of fat or oil with a caustic alkali (8). The caustic alkali consists of a hydroxyl group with an alkali. The most common of these are potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of which the latter will be dealt with more specifically. .
Before it was known exactly what sodium hydroxide was, it was produced on a small-scale by running water through wood ash and then boiling it to condense it. The rustic soap-maker may still employ this method because is economic. Otherwise sodium hydroxide may be purchased in the average grocery store as lye. .
The production of sodium hydroxide and chlorine is simultaneous. This is because one is a byproduct of the other. They are produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution commonly known as brine. The demand for chlorine and sodium hydroxide provide a billion dollar industry (McMurry and Fay 793). In 1999 alone, 10.4 billion kilograms of sodium hydroxide and 12.1 billion kilograms of chlorine were produced (Chlorine). The Tosoh Corporation, along with Asahi Chemical Industry Company, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation and Nippon Soda Company are among the leading sodium hydroxide producers along with many other chemicals (Tosoh).
During the electrolysis of brine, graphite rods are the anodes while either mercury and/or iron act as the cathode. The reactions occurring at the cathode and anode are modeled by these equations:.
Anode reaction: 2 Clá (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2 eá .
Cathode reaction: 2 H2O(l) + 2 eá H2 (g)+ 2 OHá (aq).
Sodium compounds are important to the paper, glass, soap, textile, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries. Generally soap is a sodium salt of certain fatty acids. ... In the reaction with alcohol you can use brick sodium, molten sodium, or sodium dispersed in hydrocarbons. ... Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is also commonly known as caustic soda. ... Most sodium hydroxide is produced by the electrolytic cells. ...
Today I"m going to explain background information on sodium and common compounds formed with sodium. The history of sodium began a long time ago, in 1807, when it was isolated by Sir Humphry Davy by electrolysis of solid sodium hydroxide It is the fourth most abundant element on earth, compromising about 2.6% of the earths crust. ... Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of paper, soap, rayon, in oil refining, and in the textile and rubber industries. Sodium tetraborate is known as borax, and sodium fluoride is used as an antibiotic, rat poison and in ceramics Trona is the o...
Sodium has an Atomic Number of 11. ... He discovered Sodium in England. ... Sodium floats on water that decomposes it to evolve hydrogen and form hydroxide. Sodium is also used in glass, soap, paper, textile, chemicals, petroleum, street lights, and batteries .Sodium in its liquid form can sometimes be used to cool nuclear reactors. ... Sodium is prepared by electrolysis of completely dry fused sodium chloride. ...
Milk of magnesia (magnesium hydroxide), which is used as an antacid, is a base; lye (sodium hydroxide), which is used in the manufacture of soap, is another familiar example of base. ... For example, sodium hydroxide contains sodium ions and hydroxide ions. When sodium metal is placed in water, sodium hydroxide is formed and hydrogen gas is released. ... Wet soap is also slippery because of the presence of a base. 3. ... Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of soap, rayon, and paper. ...
Chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide are used as source materials for various other widely used compounds. The world requires these chemicals in large quantities - 39 million tonnes of chlorine, 36 million tonnes of hydrogen and 41 million tonnes of sodium hydroxide per year. ... Below shows the dot-cross diagram for the formation of sodium chloride: Diagram 1: Formation of sodium chloride To convert sodium chloride into hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide, we must electrolyse sodium chloride. ... Graph 1 on the following page shows the annual production of chlorine, so...
Materials 1 pair of safety goggles 1 plastic wash bottle with distilled water 1 wash bucket soap 5 test tubes water Chemicals: Set 1 0.1M barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2 0.1M sodium sulfate, Na2SO4 0.1M aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3 0.1M magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2 0.1M magnesium chloride, MgCl2 0.1M aluminum chloride AlCl3 Set 2 0.1M potass...
In 1807 he experimented caustic potash (Potassium Hydroxide, KOH) C. ... Production A. ... Potassium with sodium (NaK) is used as a heat transfer medium in nuclear reactors. ... Low sodium salt H. Potassium Hydroxide is used for liquid detergents. ...
Hydrochloric Limewater Sulphuric Acid + Alkali Sodium Hydroxide Ethanoic Ammonia These are the reactions we used in the pre trial and their results- Sulphuric Acid 20ml + limewater 180ml- 22c at start, 25c at end -3c change " " + Ammonia 38ml- 22c at start, 25c at end, - 3c change " " + Sodium hydroxide 20ml- 22c at start, 25c at end, -8c ch...
In this investigation I will be given an alkali called sodium hydroxide. ... Pour sodium hydroxide into the burette and fill it up to a set value.0ml or 10ml. 4. ... Add the sodium hydroxide through the burette. 10. Swirl the conical flask and when the solution begins to turn pink record the amount of sodium hydroxide used. 11. ... Add the sodium hydroxide until the solution turns slightly pink. ...