Any negative or controversial speech against any of these is protected by the constitution. People are empowered by this given right to speak out freely and unleash their views on the world despite their positive or negative impact. The soul intention of this amendment was written so that any given speech is seen as the freedom of speech and expression rather than hate speech.
The freedom of speech stems throughout all of history. In 1941 the Japanese decided to take the U.S. into war. The nation came together and knew that war was inevitable. President Roosevelt placed every known Japanese decedent in internment camps. He consciously placed an ethnic group that we were at war with into confinement simply because they were Japanese. The president at the time felt that the Japanese were a threat to the United States. It was the Presidents right to speak out against the Japanese in our time of war and ultimately put them into camps. When word of this reached the heart of Japan it sent them into a fury and fueled their fire for war against the U.S. even more. The Japanese saw President Roosevelt's actions and words to be of dislike and hate, undoubtedly because of the war at the time. On the opposite side there were Japanese citizens that were discriminated against. There were many cases reported at the start of the war that Japanese and U.S. citizens were feuding and getting into verbal/physical confrontations. This marked the beginning of much racism against the Japanese and other ethnic groups associated with them. People exercised their right to freedom of speech and spoke harshly against the Japanese. It was their given right that let them express their personal feelings and opinions despite it being viewed as hate speech.
Almost all hate speech is viewed as an attack against certain ethnic groups, religion, or sexuality. Several groups such as the Ku Klux Klan have become notorious for hate speech and the revulsion against certain ethnic groups and choices of sexuality.