Human genetics.
1839- cell theory Schleiden & Schwann.
1859- particulate inheritance Mendel.
1877- chromosomes observed Flemming.
1900- blood groups discovered Landsteiner.
1903- chromosomes carry genes Sutton.
1908- inheritance of blood groups Ottenburg.
1910- 1st genetic clinic- USA Davenport.
1946- 1st genetic clinic- UK Roberts.
1949- sex chromatin Barr.
1953- DNA chromosomes in man Watson & Crick.
1960- 1st chr. abnormality in man Tjio/Levan.
prenatal sexing Riis & Frucks.
1961- x- inactivation.
genetic code Nienenberg.
1970- 1st gene synthesised in vitro Khorana.
1979- in vitro fertilisation Edward's & Steptoe.
1985- genetic fingerprinting Jeffrey's.
1993- 1st gene therapy Numerous authors.
Genetic defects.
1. mutations- changes in one or more bases in a chromosome. mutations may be -.
-dominant (gene is expressed is the next generation).
- recessive (several generations for expression).
2. aneuploidy- changes in the number of chr.s within a cell. normal diploid number is 46. haploid is 23. any deviation has serious consequences for the individual.
3. chromosomal aberrations.
- deletion- whole or part of a chromosome is missing.
- inversion- part of chromosomes broken out, flipped over and reinstated so that order of genes is incorrect.
- translocation- parts of non-homologous chr.s are exchanged.
all of these chromosomal abnormalities (aberrations) can affect any of the pairs of homologous non-sex determining .
chromosomes (called autosomes), or the sex chromosomes which are designated X and Y. females have two X chromosomes ("XX"), whereas males have one x and oneY ("XY").
the diploid chromosome number in man is 46- i.e. 44 autosomes plus pair is sex chr. (expressed as 44+XX in females and 44+XY in males). this is the number of chromosomes found i our somatic (body) cells.
The issue of genetics has been around for quite sometime. ... First of all, genetics are moving very fast. ... Nature is part of our world and now we are somewhat working against it because we do not think that it is fit for us as humans. ... The human body is also being helped in this whole process. ... Genetics is surely the highest feat ever accomplished by our human brain. ...
Genetics The first in-depth study of genetics was done by Charles Darwin in the mid 1800s. Since then we have learned, and continue to learn, even more about the fascinating and mysterious world of genetics. ... Each human cell has 46 chromosomes. ... Even today we continue to make more and more discoveries about human genetics. ... The advancements in the study of human DNA and the possibility of human cloning have caused some people to question the ethics of genetic study. ...
Genetics is the study of genes. ... Genetic Engineering is a deliberate effort to develop kinds, and strains, of organisms that would benefit human beings. ... Even though humans have the same genes individuals may inherit different genes, which is what make each person unique. ... Each human seems to be a mixture of traits. ... Genetics is a branch off of biology. ...
Genetics is a powerful field of science, with many possibilities. ... The actual study of genetics started long ago, with Mendel and his studies. Now scientists know much more of genetics and DNA. ... The Austrian Monk Gregor Mendel discovered the basics of genetics. ... Humans must make ethical decisions on what they will allow to happen. ...
Imagine what life would be like if we could eliminate human problems. ... Genetics is slowly paving the road to this utopian vision. Genetics gives us the ability to manipulate DNA, Clone human beings, in short it gives us the power to be Gods. ... All of the previous paragraph leads to the argument which comes up in many other controversial topics, when does a human life begin, when are you a human being. ... Genetic Engineering doesn't necessarily have to be used on humans as I have seemed to focus on, it can also be used on plants and animals. ...
The final one is Human Genome Project. ... What is Human Genome Project? ... Can we choose not to know our genetics information? ... HGP result must improve the techniques on gene therapy and genetics engineering dramatically. ... So we have to look at the concern of gene therapy and genetics engineering. ...
Genetic technologies will help increase the information we already know about genetics in canines. ... Although humans have cross-bred dogs for centuries now, we have just recently gained a true knowledge for it. ... A final technology that can be used in dog genetics is the dog I.Q. test. ... Technologies like this will continue to help the knowlegde and discovery of dog genetics, man's best friend. The specie will continue to improve and have an even better place in the heart of humans. ...
Humans have 46 chromosomes. 1 Illustration of the placement of genes in a chromosome. ... In 1988, an International Human Genome project was set up which began to recognize and identify the 46 chromosomes of every cell. The point of the project is for scientists to have a better understanding of how genetics contribute to human disease. ... Therefore, genetics should be treated the same way as AIDS, if one receives an AIDS pamphlet, one should receive a genetics pamphlet. ... Blood can also be tested to check for genetics. ...
Business Ethics and Human Genetics Throughout history, man has prided itself on the ability to explore our world and to find new and interesting perspectives on life. ... One fairly new concept that is very debatable is the ability for scientists to manipulate human genetics into forming a duplicate cell; this procedure is also known as cloning. ... Until further analysis proves that neither research will intentionally use genetic testing to recreate a human being, government officials are trying to enact a bill criminalizing human cloning (Raeburn pp. 46). ... Even if the human gene is...
The Human Genome Project Does the Human Genome Project effect the moral standards of society? ... Genetics is the study of the patterns of inheritance of specific traits. ... Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, completed experiments on garden peas so as to establish the quantitative discipline of genetics. ... These organizations all have two shared objectives, placing "new methods and instruments into the tool-kit of molecular biology" and "building research infrastructure for genetics"(Murphy, 17). ... Thus the moral dilemma of genetics is simple; will it be an asset or an evil to the indivi...