The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement occurring in Europe throughout the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This period placed an emphasis on reason, analysis, and individualism in place of the traditional authorities like the Church that had played a major role in people's lives since the beginning of the Dark Ages. The Enlightenment also saw the development of optimism in regards to the abilities of humans to solve their own problems with their government and societies. People of the time were searching for a rational approach to creating a better society for themselves due to the political and economic changes that were occurring at a rapid rate across Europe. Extreme growth across the continent gave way for a need for societal reforms.The Enlightenment was a era of extreme optimism towards the individual's capability of solving their own problems that resulted in the development of new political, economic, and psychological ideas. .
John Locke's Two Treaties on Government written in 1694 were the root of political ideas that developed during the Enlightenment. The basis of Locke's ideas was that the government should exist to carry out the will of people and protect life, liberty, and property instead of being an absolute monarchy existing without power checks. This belief is demonstrated in his quote "the organization of the State evolved as a result of free individuals consenting to be governed by an abstract authority in the interests of protecting private property." Locke saw humans as good, rational, social, cooperative, and tolerant. It was his belief that, in the state of nature, there was an original equality where all peoples had the right to autonomy and freedom. He also believed that in the case of governments failing to complete its duties, the people under said government had the right to form a new government even through means such as a revolution.
This philosophy is derived from the enlightenment, which spoke of "natural law." ... What may be called optimism seems more like ignorance. ... Candide is a humorous satire, criticizing the optimism adopted by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment. ... During this era women were considered subservient property of their husbands. ... Ibsen does not examine nature, or optimism versus pessimism. ...
A wide array of films including Double Indemnity (1944), and Murder, My Sweet (1944), Out of the Past (1947), Kiss Me Deadly (1955), reflect the tensions and insecurities within film noir, and counter-balance the optimism of Hollywood's musicals and comedies. It was the style of black and white American films that first evolved in the 1940s that became prominent in the post-war era, and lasted in a classic "Golden Age" period until about 1960 which was marked by Orson Welles' Touch of Evil (1958), described as the "last" film of the classic film noir era. ... However, noir...
The Enlightenment utopia once dreamed of by the French and similar thinkers seems to have never succeeded. It failed in both its Enlightenment theory and in all manifestations in practice, even Sweden. ... He observed that all incarnations of Enlightenment utopia failed to live up to their promised perfection. ... Introduction Enlightenment thought served as the central basis for utopian politics. ... The Enlightenment ...
In the twentieth century, Liberal thinking influenced policy'making élites and public opinion in a number of Western states after the First World War, an era often referred to in academic International Relations as Idealism. ... Given this disposition, it is not surprising that Liberalism is described in the literature as the `tradition of optimism' (Clark 1989: 49-66). ... Liberal internationalism Immanuel Kant and Jeremy Bentham were two of the leading liberal internationalists of the Enlightenment. ...
ABSTRACT This dissertation aims to study development and broadcasting in Zambia, to draw conclusions as to the present situation of broadcasting and the direction it should move in the future. The study of the development of broadcasting in Zambia and its current structure are outlined together wi...