Legal aid reform should not simply be seen as an exercise in economics. Although legal aid policy is driven by the need to control costs and achieve value for money, there are also ways in which it is influenced by concepts of access to justice and arguments drawn from both ECHR and those elements of EU law that are similar. While legal aid provision remains thoroughly within the hands of the nation state, any sensible assessment must also take into account the influence of these bodies of law. A judge, Mr. Justice Darling, once said, 'the law courts of England are open to all men like the doors of the Ritz Hotel'. In other words, the courts are there for anyone to use, but cost may prevent many people from seeking justice. It is perhaps undeniable that under the doctrine of the Rule of Law, every person should be treated equally before the law, and that this means that everyone should have equal access to the law and to justice. Whether the old legal aid system achieved this has been the subject of endless debates and has indeed provided the basis and impetus for the Lord Chancellor, who is responsible for legal services, to come up with a White Paper entitled 'Modernizing Justice', which led to the passing of the Access to Justice Act (AJA) 1999. This Act replaced the framework for legal aid and established by its predecessor, the Legal Aid Act 1988. .
As a result of the coming into force of the AJA 1999, civil legal aid was largely replaced in April 2000. Similarly, criminal legal aid was also replaced in April 2001. Essentially, unlike the old system, the AJA 1999 provided for two new schemes. There is the Community Legal Service (CLS) which is responsible for civil matters, and the Criminal Defence Service (CDS) which is responsible for criminal matters. The Legal Services Commission (LSC) has supervisory jurisdiction over both the CLS and the CDS. These will now be examined in turn.
The inner logic of a capitalist system is resistant to any reform that threatens the viability of production. ... The paper will also include a brief overview of Russia's economic status. ... Gaddy, C.G. and Ickes, B.W. (1998: 1) say it best of Russia that it " showed early success in market reform, but progress has been slowed by widespread corruption, crime, and incompetence. ...
Once the probationary period was over the offender convinced the judge he was reformed and received a fine (Petersilia, 1997). ... This type of report is to inform the court of the offenders crime they have committed and its seriousness, the defendant's risk, the defendant's circumstances, a summary of the legally permissible sentencing options, and a recommendation for or against prison (Petersilia,1997). ... They are allowed representation which is why they end up back in our office applying for assistance from a public defender to aid them in the probation revocation hearing. ... ...
Later I will try to provide an overview of the trade relations and economy of Turkey prior to the Customs Union. ... (Ministry2) "In addition, within five years Turkey would have to adapt to EU legislation its own legal instruments relating to barriers to trade such as technical norms, standards, and sanity rules in industrial production. ... In order to deal with economic matters according to EU rules, Turkey had to launch legal reforms; these included legislative and administrative procedures for "the protection of intellectual, industrial, and commercial property rights" (Kramer 188). .....
The questions of whether stem cell research is legally permissible, scientifically promising and ethically proper are divisive as the Pope at the Vatican to the policy-makers on Capitol Hill contemplate and define life, the quality of life and the sanctity of life in a rapidly shifting world. STEM CELL RESEARCH OVERVIEW - WHAT ARE STEM CELLS?... LEGAL FRAMEWORK: Stem cell research is compelling as it promises to cure life-threatening diseases and insufferable human conditions that lead to incredible pain and affliction and a lesser quality of life; however, breaking scientific gro...
For instance, the Divorce Reform Act (1969) gave couples living in unhappy marriages, such as empty-shell marriages easier access to a divorce, increasing family diversity by creating a rise in lone parent families. ... For example, food, clothing and domestic appliances are purchased regularly in aid of running a household, whilst injecting money into the economy, later benefiting the Bourgeoisie on a much larger scale than benefiting the Proletariat. ... Homosexuality was once illegal in all states around the world, however now becoming more and more socially accepted, with much legal def...
Overview Australia suffered an economic softening during the late 20th century due to economic reform and global recession. ... Australia's ties with Asia and the Pacific Rim have become increasingly important because they contribute financial aid. ... Households and companies aided by cutting back on their spending. ... Employment Employment in the financial sector employs nearly 350,000 people, around 4% of the Australian workforce (approximately 10,000,000) with many more working in industries such as legal services, accounting, property and information technology. ...
Marijuana, Users, & What You Lose The topic of marijuana use is very broad and has an intricate effect on society as a whole, however, for the purpose of this paper; the literature review is based on facts covering a brief overview of the existence, use, and effect of marijuana. ...
It is also useful in reminding the original British logic in acquiring the territory to facilitate China trade and the PRC's hope for the HKSAR as an economic, not political, city (Yeung, 2001) The paper begins with a brief economic overview of Hong Kong's economy which provides a foundation for the analysis carried on in following sections. ... Brief Economic Overview Hong Kong is one of the most open, outward-looking economies in the world (www.info.gov.hk). ... Under the principle of "one country, two systems", the HKSAR has a high degree of legal and economic autonomy (Chan, 20...
The European Union prepared the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference on institutional reform. ... The basic overview of the history of the European Union also shows some of the obstacles that were over come in the European Unions throughout the past fifty years. ... Over the years, in response to economic developments, formal competence was extended to new areas such as research and technology, energy, the environment, development (foreign aid), education and training. ... Unlike most institutions attempted before the European Union, including the League of Nations which had more of a Utopian ...