g. satisfaction of the learner (Woollard, 2010, p.16). .
Behaviourist teaching approaches are based upon the idea that learning takes place when appropriate responses are reinforced and inappropriate responses are punished or ignored (Woollard, 2010, p.63). Behaviourist teaching strategies include the use of structured outcomes and activities that reward pupils. Behaviourism is often used by teachers, who reward and punish behaviour in order to get the learner to engage (Woollard, 2010, p.63), however, not all students will respond to this kind of motivation. Learning programmes based on behaviourism are characterised by targets, goals and rewards. An example of this is precision learning (Reid, 2005, p.9), this can be useful for learners who have a learning style which requires tasks to be broken down and who need ongoing re-enforcement. Behavioural approaches can often overlook the learning style of a learner; therefore it is important to consider the learning style of the learner before adopting this approach. .
Cognitive theories relate to the role of information processing and they focus on the processes involved in learning specific tasks e.g. memory (Reid, 2005, p.9-10). This indicates that different tasks will involve different cognitive processes. Therefore understanding these processes is vital in understanding how learners engage and how the learning process can be designed to be more effective. Cognitivists define learning as 'a relatively permanent change in mental associations as a result of experience' (Pritchard, 2009, p.32). The changes in mental associations cannot easily be identified and observed because they take place within the mind of the learner. Mental processes such as memory, thinking, knowing, and problem solving need to be explored (Snelbecker citied in Moodle, 2013). Cognitivism in teaching has led to the use of; videos, class presentations, case studies and debates etc (Reece and Walker, 2003, p.