Scientific understanding of infectious diseases and different types of pathogens, has never been so extensive in the entire era of human beings. We have not only been able to identify different types of pathogens, but our body's defense mechanisms against them. The immune system has been thoroughly explored by scientists and they have been able to identify its ingenuous defense mechanisms to protect our body from these virulent pathogens. Scientists have identified two different types of defensive responses due to the entry and establishment of a pathogen inside our bodies. They have divided the responses into nonspecific responses and specific responses. .
Our bodies contain three lines of defenses. The first line of defense is the epithelial tracts, the second line of defense is nonspecific responses (Innate Immune System), and the third line of defense is specific responses (Adaptive Immune System). I am going to focus on how nonspecific responses can influence a pathogens' entry and development inside a human beings body. The innate immune system is a collaboration of white blood cells and plasma proteins. The responses produces by the innate immune system are ubiquitous and generalized, which gives them the name nonspecific response. These responses do not target any specific cell types or pathogens. Defending leukocytes are one type of a nonspecific response. There are three types of defending leukocytes: macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells. These defending leukocytes are like the right hand man of the immune system. They function by using a very specific form of endocytosis called phagocytosis.
Macrophages initiate phagocytosis by the attachment of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. These leads to the macrophage engulfing the foreign particle/pathogen and stops the pathogen from establishing inside the body. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of WBC and are another form of phagocytes that carry out microorganism engulfment.
It results from infection with a virus called HIV, which stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus infects key cells in the human body called CD4-positive (CD4+) T cells. ... In 1986, it was renamed the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ... HIV multiplies in the human immune system's CD4+ T cells and kills vast numbers of the cells it infects. ... As the immune system weakens, symptoms begin to emerge. ...
Other diseases are caused by viruses; a non-living infection that attacks the immune system and other living cells. Therefore, children are much more vulnerable to diseases because of their weak immune systems considering they have not lived long enough to build immunities for such infections. ... In fact, it was the first affliction to be eradicated globally by human action. ... In summary, getting vaccinated is giving immunity to a person before the disease has a chance of making people sick. ... In summary, childhood immunizations have been hailed as one of the most significant public he...
The body uses our "sleeping time" to produce the human growth hormone. ... The next thing that works as we sleep is our immune system. ... The immune system seems to work harder as we sleep by secreting certain proteins that fight illnesses. ... The digestive system slows down when we sleep because we are immobile. ... In summary, our body works very hard overnight while we are sleeping. ...
Within the red blood cell, parasites reproduce all over again to infect even more red blood cells, and infection will continue until the body's immune system begins to control them or medication come in to bring it under control. ... Drug-resistant has led to the research on immunity genes of the parasite for the development of new medicine. ... Immune response-controlling genes of the mosquito can affect development of malaria parasite. At the invasive stage of ookinete of the parasite, it enters the invasion stage where the activation of the mosquito's innate immune system resul...
This paper will describe four human rights of research participants and how they might be violated. ... Human research participants have the right to confidentiality (Haber, 2011). ... They were never told it was live cancer cells and that the purpose of the study was about the human immune system's response to cancer (National Institutes of Health, 2008). ... Another basic human right is the informed consent. ... In summary, the protection of human rights is everyone's job involved in the research study. ...
Summary 9. ... Some scientists believe that AIDS spread from chimpanzees to humans at around 1926 to 1946 (AEGiS). ... In the year 1982 the term AIDS was established; which stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. ... Abnormal Physiology As explained above, we need the normal function of CD-4 T cells in order for the immune system to function normally. ... Summary AIDS is believed to have started long ago. ...
In 2001, 5 million people around the world were infected with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). ... The HIV/AIDS epidemic represents a major problem to the human race. ... A reduction in the number of circulating CD4+ cells, results in a corresponding reduction in the number of white blood cells, and the immune system becomes significantly weaker. As time goes on, AIDS reduces the number of white cells and the infected person becomes immune deficient, as they have no effective immune system. ... In summary, HIV/AIDS is a hugely threatening global infection. ...
Another thing to speak about is their immune development which is the most complex. Babies are born with an immature immune system. Nutrition is the first step to ensure a mature immune system so they can be protected against virus, infections, bacteria and allergies. ... Infant's cereals are fortified with immune-nutrients for infants. ... In summary, Nestle is unique in the way how they approach infant nutrition. ...
These rays cause cancer, cataracts, and lowered immunity to diseases.1 What causes the depletion of the ozone layer? ... HCFC-22 is marketed as a coolant for commercial and residential air-conditioning systems. ... Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion-Executive Summary. ... Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion-Executive Summary. ... Scientific Assessment of Ozone: 1994-Executive Summary. ...