2012). With antibiotic treatment, even when administered early in the infection, pneumonic plague remains very fatal (Riedel. 2005). Yersinia pestis has a history of devastating the human population. There were three major outbreaks that were particularly significant because of their effects on the human population. The first was the Plague of Justinian in 541 A.D. which killed an estimated 50-60% of the world population (Riedel. 2005). Secondly, the infamous Black Death swept across Europe in the 14th century, killing more than one-third of the population at the time (Riedel. 2005). More recently was the pandemic in China in the mid-19th century. Y. pestis got a foothold in the Yunnan province of China and claimed 12 million lives and was also able to spread into many other parts of the world due to trade (Riedel. 2005). The history of the effect of Yersinia pestis. can be haunting but as science and technology progressed, humanity has found ways to treat the plague, but how effective are they?.
Modern day treatment of the plague relies on heavy antibiotic use. Specifically, two antibiotics have been recommended by the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense: Streptomycin and Gentamicin (Riedel. 2005). Although knowing there is treatment for plague is comforting, this method is preferred in contained settings, and would be unlikely to save a majority of the afflicted population in the event of a large epidemic (Riedel. 2005). This is attributed to the fact that they are administered intravenously or intramuscularly, limited in supply, and quite expensive (Mamula. 2007). Additionally, the pneumonic plague has a fatality rate of 90-95% if treatment is not received within 24 hours of the first symptoms (Mamula. 2007). Consequentially, advocates recommended the development of a cheap oral antibiotic to be effective against a large outbreak of plague (Riedel. 2005). Antibiotic treatment also brings about another predicament: the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of plague.