Cancer is word that resonates through individuals worldwide. Currently, there is no cure for cancer, but only preventative measures that can be taken before and after diagnosis. In 2013, Angelina Jolie underwent a double mastectomy after finding out she had a high risk of breast cancer. Her decision opened up many doors for questions and concerns. This research paper will mainly focus on the causes of breast cancer, and BRCA genetic testing. Proto-oncogenes are genes that when mutated cause normal cells to turn cancerous. Mutations cause the proto-oncogene to increase the level of expression or activity it experiences. The mutated form of a proto-oncogene is called an oncogene. Normally, proto-oncogenes give coding to proteins that encourage cell division, stop cell differentiation, and put an end to cell death. These processes are extremely important for human development and maintenance of organs and tissues. When they mutate and transform into an oncogenes, they overload protein production causing cell division to increase, a decrease in cell differentiation, and suppression of cell death. These factors create cancer cells. [Cha08].
Tumor Suppressors are similar to proto-oncogenes. They are also known as anti-oncogenes. Their primary function is to oversee and regulate cell growth, and repair damage to DNA, maintaining cell health. When mutations occur, cells grow uncontrollably, and DNA damage causes cells to not undergo programmed cell death. (Pandey, 2009) BRCA1 and BRCA2 fall under the tumor suppressor category of genes, since they produce tumor suppressor proteins. When either of these genes undergoes mutations or alterations, damage to DNA cannot be properly repaired. As a result, genetic alterations form which lead to cancer. [BRC13].
Most forms of breast cancer are not inherited. About 90% to 95% of breast cancers are sporadic. Sporadic means that gene damage occurred after a person was born by chance, and there is minimal risk of passing that gene on to a future generation.
She is the face of breast cancer. ... This research paper will provide you with more in depth knowledge and understanding of this disease. ... Breast cancer usually develops within the lymph nodes of the breast. ... There are many types of breast cancer. ... In the early stages of researching the American Cancer Society posted an average of nine more types of breast cancer. ...
This paper will go on to talk about the facts of the disease and who is at risk, prevention, detection and treatments. ... A common misconception is that the larger the breast the greater the risk for breast cancer. ... There has been research as to whether or not diet is a factor in the formation of breast cancer. ... Women who have inherited the BRCA1 gene generally have many cases of breast and ovary cancer in their extended families and have "a 70% of developing breast cancer and a 45% chance of developing ovarian cancer." ... "Despite the fact that many breast cancers are discovered by...
In my paper I will be covering all the aspects of breast cancer beginning with what it is all the way to treatment options for those who are diagnosed with the cancer. ... Breast cancer originates in the breast tissue. Like other cancers, breast cancer can invade and grow into the tissue surrounding the breast. ... Although these numbers may sound frightening, research reveals that the mortality rate could decrease by 30% if all women age 50 and older who need a mammogram had one. ... Stage III A breast cancer is also called locally advanced breast cancer. ...
Abstract Throughout this paper I will be talking about how cancer does not just affect humans it affects animals also. ... Cancer is the number one funding but researchers can't get a cure as to stop it from killing. ... Although genetics may have a big part in it, the environment around don't help, certain foods researchers say cause cancer. ... Eight most common cancers found in animals are skin which usually are found on older pets, breast typically on cats about an 85% chance more than dogs something that decreases the chances of breast cancer in animals is fixing them. ... Can...
In the present paper targeted drug delivery at specific organs such as liver, breast and prostate gland was investigated. ... Firstly, in a research paper by Lisa Brannon peppas a question were addressed for guiding the study. ... Secondly, in the research article by barnabs Wilson it is investigated that nanoparticle have more drug loading capacity, surface area than the general or conventional therapy so, it is more useful for treatment of organ specific cancer. ... Thirdly, the article by C.krishnaraj was about nanoparticle application in treatment of breast cancer. The major objective of t...
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, among both men and women. Lung cancer claims more lives then colon, prostate and breast cancer combined. ... Lung cancer is also among the most preventable of all cancers. ... In conclusion to the effects, treatment, diagnostic test and prevention's this paper has taught me a lot. ... With the help of modern science and research new drugs and treatments are being developed every day. ...
There are also many other issues that can develop that can cause pancreatic cancer: hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, familial breast cancer (BRCA2), and familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMM, also called atypical mole syndrome). ... They provide information from research and clinical trials that they've done. The American Cancer Society has spent a great deal of money on doing research for this disease, and for the treatments available for it. ... Throughout the years of research on this disease, doctors and scientists have come up ...
Despite over twenty years of research, with billions of dollars spent each year, the conventional medical establishment's "war on cancer- has been a dismal failure. ... In addition to that, they also predict that deaths from prostate cancer in the U.S. will reach 41,400 this year, nearly as much as breast cancer (Rubin, 39). ... New research is focusing on a pencil - sized device that requires merely a sweep across the cervical surface to detect cancer (Chopra, 566). ... Many feel that this method is an incredible breakthrough in cancer research. ... The range of cancers which this ...
The major kinds of cancer are lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer. In this paper, i will talk about one kind of these cancers: the lung cancer. ... Researchers have discovered that there are certain genes that are not replicated in the lung cells of smokers. ... The research indicates that young smokers. ... To sum up this research, we agree that cancer in general is a dangerous disease but if we respect the treatment commanded by doctors we can win the battle against cancer. ...