The expression of these proteins is regulated, primarily at the transcriptional level, during both erythroid cellular differentiation and embryonic development (Foley and Engel, 1992).
Mammalian £]-globin locus.
The beta-globin locus in most mammals consists of five functional beta-globin genes that are located on the short arm of chromosome 11 (Baron, 1997; Harju et. al, 2002). Each member of the group are either turned "on" or "off" during different stages of development. Furthermore, the sequence of the members along the chromosome corresponds to the order in which the genes are expressed during development (Bulger et. al, 2002; Online: ARUP Laboratories). The order of the genes is: epsilon, gamma, delta, and beta (Gribnau et. al, 2000). Three of the five genes are expressed prior to birth and the remaining two are conveyed after birth (Klug and Cummings, 567). On the beta region, the genes are arranged consecutively from 5 to 3 beginning with the gene that is usually expressed first known as the £`-globin gene. This particular gene is generally expressed during embryonic development. Following this gene are the two nearly identical gamma genes, G £^ and A £^ that are expressed during fetal development. The only difference between these two genes products is a single amino acid. During the fetal stage of development, two alpha genes combine with two gamma genes to produce fetal hemoglobin, or hemoglobin F (Online: Bridges). This fetal hemoglobin is the primary hemoglobin in the developing fetus. After birth, the £_-globin and £]-globin genes are expressed. It is during this time that the formation of £^-globin depreciates with an increase in £]-globin synthesis. Considerable amounts of fetal hemoglobin reside in the system for seven or eight months after birth (Online: Bridges). If any, only insignificant amounts of fetal hemoglobin are found after infancy in most eukaryotes (Online: Bridges).
In the hemoglobin there are four protein subunits: 2 subunits of alpha globin and 2 subunits of beta globin. ... This gene provides instructions for making beta globin. In sickle disease at least one of the beta globin subunits is replaced with hemoglobin S. Abnormal versions of beta globin can distort red blood cells into a sickle shape. ...
That is, what are the advantages and disadvantages of each option from the perspective of the Beta Group? ... In addition, it would not require investment, at the beginning of license, on manufacturing, marketing, distributing the clubs; 2) from business development point of view, because the HXL technology and investing in industry is unrelated to the core business of Beta , and considering the uncertainties, licensing out this technology would not distract Beta from its core business; 3) from technology sustainability point of view, licensing out the HXL technology would help Beta avo...
Locus of control is the perceived way an individual attributes behaviour. ... People with external locus of control believe that their lives are determined mainly by sources and factors outside of themselves. ... People with internal locus of control are more likely to work for achievements, and raise their behaviour goals when the first is succeeded. ... As well a person with an internal locus of control is more willing to work on self-improvement and better themselves with education. In saying that, I believe my pre-dominant approach is that of one with internal locus of control. ...
Blood supplies oxygen, transports nutrients, waste, and hormonal messengers to each of the sixty billion cells in the body, and defends the body against foreign material. There are close to 30 trillion blood cells in an adult human. Each cubic millimeter of blood contains from 4 2 to 5 2 million r...
UniversityNumber; 0212516 Human Molecular Diseases Abstract The essay concentrates on the single gene defects, looking initially at the types of mutations which effect genes and then moving on to the three major groups of these disorders; autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant and sex-linked. Each of these groups accompanied by at least one example and within the autosomal recessive disorders, haemoglobinopathies are discussed. There is then a brief discussion about the molecular basis of some cancers and the other groups of human molecular diseases. Human Molecular Diseases Huma...
Beta-amyloid-42 has been linked with families with familiar early onset of the disease. Seven different mutations in the gene for the amyloid precursor protein has been found to increase the making of beta amyloid 1- 42, leading to fibrillar aggregation toxic to neurons. A second locus linked early onset cases has been found on chromosome 14q and encodes a presenilin 1. ... Mutations in the presenilin genes and in the amyloid precursor protein are associated with the increased celllular production of the beta amyloid. ... Linkage data from families with autosomal dominant Parkinson's ...
According to some research, the most common forms, or variations of Sickle Cell Anemia are homozygous (hemoglobin SS disease), heterozygous sickle cell hemoglobin C disease (hemoglobin SC disease), and the sickle Beta-thalassemia. ... With individuals born with sickle cell Beta-Thalassemia, the Beta [sup A] gene has mutated, and they are unable to produce the normal Beta [sup A] globin chain (Beta [sup b]) or a reduction in its production (Beta [sup +]). This adult or child with Beta-Thalassemia inherited the (S) gene from one parent and the Beta-Thalassemia gene from the other. ...
According to some research, the most common forms, or variations of Sickle Cell Anemia are homozygous (hemoglobin SS disease), heterozygous sickle cell hemoglobin C disease (hemoglobin SC disease), and the sickle Beta-thalassemia. ... With individuals born with sickle cell Beta-Thalassemia, the Beta [sup A] gene has mutated, and they are unable to produce the normal Beta [sup A] globin chain (Beta [sup b]) or a reduction in its production (Beta [sup +]). This adult or child with Beta-Thalassemia inherited the (S) gene from one parent and the Beta-Thalassemia gene from the other. ...
A gene locus associated with important human brain waves has been found which help understand brain and activity and the search for protective genes for alcoholism and genes for risks. "Beta EEG frequency, elevated in alcoholics and their alcoholic nave offspring, for some years has been regarded as a possible marker of alcoholism susceptibility- (2). ...