Understanding the control of the developmentally regulated switch of gene expression within the beta-globin locus is a main focus of research today. Clearly, globin gene transcription switches from embryonic to fetal to adult forms in humans and embryonic to adult in chickens during development. The expression of the genes on the beta-globin locus is controlled by a series of both general and tissue-restricted transcription factors. In addition, recent models of globin switching have focused on competition and cooperation between enhancers, promoters, and the locus control region (Bulger and Groudine, 1999). In this paper we will analyze both the human and chicken £]-globin locus. From this, we identify the similarities and differences of the locus among the two species and present different methods involved in activation.
Introduction.
The £]-Globin Gene is one of two genes that make up a multigene family. Members of a multigene family not only share DNA-sequence homology, but also have gene products that are functionally associated (Klug and Cummings, 566). The globin genes of vertebrates' expression are both developmentally and temporally regulated (Choi and Engel, 1986; Dolan et. al, 1981). The two regions that make up the globin gene family include the alpha-globin and beta-globin genes (Ioudinkova et. al, 2002; Online: Bridges). These two genes are .
necessary for the formation of an effective hemoglobin molecule. This complete molecule then functions to carry oxygen in the blood (Online: Bridges). .
Hemoglobin synthesis requires the synchronized production of both heme and globin. While heme is the prosthetic group that can reversibly bind to oxygen, globin is the protein that encloses and safeguards the heme molecule.
The £- and £]-globin loci, in all vertebrate species, are assembled with multiple genes encoding distinct globin protein isotypes (Foley and Engel, 1992).
In the hemoglobin there are four protein subunits: 2 subunits of alpha globin and 2 subunits of beta globin. ... This gene provides instructions for making beta globin. In sickle disease at least one of the beta globin subunits is replaced with hemoglobin S. Abnormal versions of beta globin can distort red blood cells into a sickle shape. ...
That is, what are the advantages and disadvantages of each option from the perspective of the Beta Group? ... In addition, it would not require investment, at the beginning of license, on manufacturing, marketing, distributing the clubs; 2) from business development point of view, because the HXL technology and investing in industry is unrelated to the core business of Beta , and considering the uncertainties, licensing out this technology would not distract Beta from its core business; 3) from technology sustainability point of view, licensing out the HXL technology would help Beta avo...
Locus of control is the perceived way an individual attributes behaviour. ... People with external locus of control believe that their lives are determined mainly by sources and factors outside of themselves. ... People with internal locus of control are more likely to work for achievements, and raise their behaviour goals when the first is succeeded. ... As well a person with an internal locus of control is more willing to work on self-improvement and better themselves with education. In saying that, I believe my pre-dominant approach is that of one with internal locus of control. ...
Blood supplies oxygen, transports nutrients, waste, and hormonal messengers to each of the sixty billion cells in the body, and defends the body against foreign material. There are close to 30 trillion blood cells in an adult human. Each cubic millimeter of blood contains from 4 2 to 5 2 million r...
UniversityNumber; 0212516 Human Molecular Diseases Abstract The essay concentrates on the single gene defects, looking initially at the types of mutations which effect genes and then moving on to the three major groups of these disorders; autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant and sex-linked. Each of these groups accompanied by at least one example and within the autosomal recessive disorders, haemoglobinopathies are discussed. There is then a brief discussion about the molecular basis of some cancers and the other groups of human molecular diseases. Human Molecular Diseases Huma...
Beta-amyloid-42 has been linked with families with familiar early onset of the disease. Seven different mutations in the gene for the amyloid precursor protein has been found to increase the making of beta amyloid 1- 42, leading to fibrillar aggregation toxic to neurons. A second locus linked early onset cases has been found on chromosome 14q and encodes a presenilin 1. ... Mutations in the presenilin genes and in the amyloid precursor protein are associated with the increased celllular production of the beta amyloid. ... Linkage data from families with autosomal dominant Parkinson's ...
According to some research, the most common forms, or variations of Sickle Cell Anemia are homozygous (hemoglobin SS disease), heterozygous sickle cell hemoglobin C disease (hemoglobin SC disease), and the sickle Beta-thalassemia. ... With individuals born with sickle cell Beta-Thalassemia, the Beta [sup A] gene has mutated, and they are unable to produce the normal Beta [sup A] globin chain (Beta [sup b]) or a reduction in its production (Beta [sup +]). This adult or child with Beta-Thalassemia inherited the (S) gene from one parent and the Beta-Thalassemia gene from the other. ...
According to some research, the most common forms, or variations of Sickle Cell Anemia are homozygous (hemoglobin SS disease), heterozygous sickle cell hemoglobin C disease (hemoglobin SC disease), and the sickle Beta-thalassemia. ... With individuals born with sickle cell Beta-Thalassemia, the Beta [sup A] gene has mutated, and they are unable to produce the normal Beta [sup A] globin chain (Beta [sup b]) or a reduction in its production (Beta [sup +]). This adult or child with Beta-Thalassemia inherited the (S) gene from one parent and the Beta-Thalassemia gene from the other. ...
A gene locus associated with important human brain waves has been found which help understand brain and activity and the search for protective genes for alcoholism and genes for risks. "Beta EEG frequency, elevated in alcoholics and their alcoholic nave offspring, for some years has been regarded as a possible marker of alcoholism susceptibility- (2). ...