This paper regards several points of view on the subject of, what is commonly referred to as Artificial Intelligence, or AI. AI is the attempt to make machines, specifically computers, perform intelligently through programming. Already, this definition has a problem in that the word intelligence can have many interpretations. This essay will attempt to put forward some ideas for how to approach this problem.
It could be said that the human brain is nothing more than a machine, and as we know it to be capable of thought it would be fair to surmise that therefore machines can think and it is probably this, or a similar premise that inspired AI. However, within AI there are many schools of thought. Some believe that if a computer can be programmed correctly to emulate certain human processes, then it is to all intense and purposes thinking as we do. .
One of the early pioneers in the world of computers, Alan Turing, outlined a test in which participants are asked to interrogate a computer terminal in order to determine whether they are communicating with a human, or a computer program. Examples of programs which were put through the Turing test are ELIZA and SHRDLU both of which attempted to emulate one side of human conversation. But even if these programs did appear to be totally human, could they be said to actually be thinking.
John Searle(1984) puts forward a scenario in an attempt to devalue this idea. He refers to a program by Roger Schank at Yale university which, after being given a story will be able to answer questions regarding it. It would seem at the outset that this program would therefore be understanding the story. Searle then argues that despite not being able to understand Chinese, he would, under the correct circumstances, be able to answers Chinese questions in Chinese, relating to a story also written in Chinese. The scenario is summarised as follows;.
Sitting isolated in a room, Searle is given a wad of Chinese script, followed by another.
Computers Can Never Think. ... That is why they are called machines, they are mechanic. ... It is what separates us from animals and certainly what separates us from machines. So then how can one possibly define thought so mechanically and procedural? ... And only when we are able to redefine physics as we know it (which can never be done), will computers be able to think. ...
Can slot machines rescue racing? ... They are the best ice cream cones and can be purchased at the Paddock Concession stand. ... Playing slot machines and video poker machines is an enjoyable form of entertainment for most people. There are many kinds of slot machines. ... Gambling is a choice and if one chooses not to gamble that is absolutely fine; however if one does choose to gamble I think it only makes sense to do it in Kentucky. ...
Everybody wants to know if computers can have intelligent conversations and think for themselves. ... If the computer gets it right then they have to wonder if computers can think. ... Turing says, "The claim that a machine cannot be the subject of its own thought can of course only be answered if it can be shown that the machine has some thought with some subject matter. ... In this sort of sense a machine undoubtedly can be its own subject matter" (Turing, p.20). ... Whatever answers humans put into the computers are the answers that humans are going to get when they try and question th...
The Machine Gun The machine gun is one of the most important inventions in military history. ... That just shows what technology can do! ... Can you picture war today without a rapid firing weapon? ... Without the machine gun, the U.S. ... What do you think? ...
Do you think that carrying guns is a human right or it is just excessive? ... No one can deny how easy it is to kill people with guns; even kids can do that. ... Weapons like machine guns can cause a disturbance in the community according to Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy, as they are a first weapon choice for mobsters. "Malloy said, 'I think there's a long history and body of law in the United States that demonstrates they're wrong. ... We don't see machine guns being used in the U.S. in crimes. ...
(Pg115) In his novella, Forster thinks of technology that is being developed more and more as a means to physically removes humankind from one another. ... Through these images that Forster is presenting to the readers, these cells can be closely related to those in a jail. ... There is absolutely no need to have them because no ideas can be acquired from doing so. ... With no innovation and no intellectual advancements, the results can only lead to one end, desolation. ... Society can only progress with change, which was lacking in "The Machine Stops". ...
Before you can answer this question you must first determine what a human or machine really is. ... Johnson talks about a human-made machine called emergent systems and how unpredictable these systems can be. ... We are living a lie because we think we are making the decisions, holding feelings, and having experiences. ... The creator can select the behavior the toy has and the user can select which behavior to use. ... One person can be pushed away from society if they do not act or look the way society thinks we should be. ...
The embodiment of this convergence of cultural developments will be the intelligent robot, a machine that can think and act as a human." ... If we can imagine ourselves creating machines that have the mind of a human, who's to say that we cannot achieve this idea? ... Robots can be made with limbs that can grip with varying pressures, magnetically, or with suction devices. ... Kerry Joels, author of The Space Shuttle Operator's Manual, says, "We are trying to make these machines into super-extensions of ourselves, which is what all machines are...The computer is the idea that you...
Yet when you reach the vending machines by your class, all that is there is a beverage machine. ... Unbelievable you think to yourself, but your starving and class is about to start. ... Your brain has kicked into high gear, calculating the amount change that will soon be filling your pocket; people will think you have just come from the arcade, having a pocket full of quarters. ... In addition change machines are expensive, and no profits can be made from them. 7. ... If you don't mind doing the leg work yourself, you may purchase your supplies at a local warehouse stores such as "Cos...