As urban industrial workers expanded in the 19th century, industry and the industrial work force boomed as well. ... Depressions and recessions led to cyclical employment, style and weather caused seasonal employment, and machines replacing humans brought structural employment. ...
Reformers attacked corruption in municipal government and formed nonpartisan leagues to defeat the well-established bosses and their political machines. However, urban reformers were often frustrated because state legislatures, controlled by railroads and large corporations, obstructed the municipal struggle for home rule. ...