New cultural ideas often emerged from writers who had been living in Europe, mostly in exile. Mario Llosa said in Interviews with Latin American Writers, that by living in Europe, he received "a broadened education" and a "comprehensive perspective, which helped me understand the things in my own country."3 Other major factors in the change of cultural ideas surfaced from the revolutions and wars that occurred right before and during the twentieth century. ... Fidel Castro's oust of the Batista dictatorship drew world interest on problems in Latin America and the forces in conflict t...

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Portuguese explorers "discovered" (for the Europeans) the Yoruba cities and kingdoms in the fifteenth century, but cities such as Ife and Benin, among others, had been standing at their present sites for at least five hundred years before the European arrival. ... Ife, unlike Benin and Oyo, never developed onto a true kingdom. ... European slave hunters violently captured and marched untold millions of Africans to their demise on over crowded slave ships bound for the Americas. ...

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• Grade Level: High School