Black males have a higher mortality rate than white males at each income category, (La Viest et al 2000) and the Medicare black/white mortality rate was 1.6 times higher in 1995 than in 1950. ... There are many distinctions that may give rise to competition: age groups, research vs. treatment vs. prevention; diseases; the disabled and persons with chronic illness vs. acute or high tech need. ... Fuchs (1998) notes that in any one year, 5% of the population accounts for more than 50% of all health expenditures. More than one-third of all care is provided to persons over 65 years of age. ... Fuc...

• Word Count: 3543
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Policy makers need to fully understand the costs and benefits, the current social impact, and the future social impacts if no changes are made vs if changes are made, in order to more fully serve those in need and to more effectively educate the masses across all cultural boundaries. ... They must emphasize and support with data that the costs are far greater to society if no comprehensive and standardized public health practice is implemented than the costs of research, education, and prevention and treatment programs. ... There is quite a bit of tension between protecting individual rights ...

• Word Count: 3192
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This means that infants, suicidal people, and drug-dependent patients may be validly controlled on the grounds of beneficence to protect them from harm.1 Under the principle of beneficence, the nurse may legitimately restrain a patient from exercising his or her autonomy by trying to jump out a window.3 But people judged mentally incompetent are still capable of making autonomous choices about what they want to eat or what clothes they wish to wear.1 Constraint of a person's autonomy is permissible when the person's choices and actions infringe on the rights and welfare of others...

• Word Count: 2553
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This said, patients in Medicare HMOs also spend about 17 percent less time than they would in a traditional setting. ... Spending on health care in California, which has one of the highest concentrations of HMOs of any state in America, is about 19 percent higher than the national average. ... It is a passionate and complex argument As previously intimated, the HMO's rather than the physician become the patient primary decision maker. ... One of the results was that for elderly patients (those aged 65 years and older) treated under Medicare, declines in physical health were more common...

• Word Count: 2987
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography