Additionally, tens or perhaps hundreds of thousands of non-drug offenders on probation or parole are imprisoned or re-imprisoned each year for nothing more than testing positive for drug use or an arrest for simple drug possession (Brownsberger, Aromaa 2001) Treatment has broad and growing public support and a recent survey by Peter Hart Research Associates found that more than 60 percent of voters favor providing treatment rather than prison time for people convicted of drug possession or selling small amounts of drugs (Hart 2002). ...

• Word Count: 2815
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Lombroso's theory was tested by an anthropologist named Goring (1913, 1972) who studied 3000 convicts and 3000 non-criminals and found no significant difference in features, facial or otherwise. ... In support of this research, Cortes & Gatti (1972) found that 57 percent of the institutionalised delinquents they tested fell into the mesomorphic category. ... Passingham (1972) noticed differences between the control and test groups used such as socio-economic class and ethnic background. These variables may have affected the outcome of the personality tests. Bartol et al (1979) tested 398 ...

• Word Count: 2818
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Capital Punishment: Is it right or wrong? The death penalty has not remained constant throughout American History . It has undergone numerous changes and reforms in the past two centuries, falling in and out of public favor. The death penalty has been in our legal system since our legal system was created, but still remains one of the most controversial punishments in United States history. Each person can form their own opinion on the death penalty, but ultimately the government sees the death penalty as a just form of punishment for those who commit such horrible crimes as murde...

• Word Count: 2831
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Capital Punishment: A System of Error Since 1976, when capital punishment was reinstated, eighty-seven men and women have been taken off death row and freed because they were proven innocent. Since the turn of the century, 343 people have been wrongly convicted. Of these, 137 were sentenced to d...

• Word Count: 2692
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

"In a test case that could mean millions of dollars for counties throughout California, Los Angeles County is asking the state to pick up the tab for $169million extra costs it has racked up under the 1994 three-strikes law'...The figures jndicate that there are two types of direct ...

• Word Count: 2677
• Approx Pages: 11

Imagine a psychological test for high school students where it is shown that those who fail are as likely to commit a future crime as are those arrested for having committed that crime in the past. ... If it is right to kill to prevent a future crime, then we are just as justified to kill 4 those students who failed the test, as we are those who have committed the murder. ...

• Word Count: 2619
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

Key tools of drug courts are frequent monitoring, education, alcohol and drug testing, and rehabilitation programs (Casey 2005), which participants frequently appear before the drug court judge, and meetings with court-affiliated case managers regarding progress. ...

• Word Count: 4011
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

After consulting a criminological text such as The Fence: In the Shadow of Two Worlds, one comes to find that common criminal theories are not only evident in criminal society but also tie closely with criminal beliefs and values. The main focus of this particular case study, Sam Goodman, is a pri...

• Word Count: 4192
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: High School

Annotated Bibliography The Death Penalty for Juveniles The following research draws upon different opinions and perceptions for and against the further enactment of the death penalty for juvenile offenders. The various articles that are presented draw conclusions on the pros and cons of using the death penalty as punishment for young offenders. Numerous views surfaced in my research such as the views of president Bush, prominent authors and court officials as well as the views of individual states. In order to fully evaluate this sensitive topic I have presented a mixture of opposing p...

• Word Count: 4558
• Approx Pages: 18

The Declaration of Independence states, "All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights". But how much of this is true? Since the very beginning of the legal system in the United States, there has been inequality. Appearance has held such precedence for Americans. Now, with the threat of terrorists, many use racial stereotypes to determine who is accountable for our unsafe environment. ...

• Word Count: 3114
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Capital Punishment is a new idea or way of dealing with criminals. This has been around for ages and dates back as far as the 18th century B.C. With more and more liberals stepping forward, more and more laws and bans have been placed and issued concerning the death penalty, or capital punishment. We've looked high and low for alternate and more humane ways of dealing with society's most disgusting people. Capital Punishment has been round and round, banned, just to be reinstated again. ...

• Word Count: 3139
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Before the 18th Century prisons were just a means for holding prisoners before trial rather than for use as 'punishment'. Sanctions for criminal behavior tended to be public events which included whipping, branding, physical torture and even execution. This was designed to shame the criminal and deter others. In the 18th Century public punishment started to decline and the use of prison grew as a means for punishment. However reformers such as John Howard attacked the prison conditions stating they were inhumane and full of disease (http://www.howardleague.org). ...

• Word Count: 3653
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography

"For example, the HOPE (Hawaii's Opportunity Probation with Enforcement) program, started by a former federal prosecutor in Hawaii, conducts frequent drug tests backed-up by swift and certain sanctions for violations, usually a few days in jail" (ROC). ...

• Word Count: 2658
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography

The purpose of this essay is to look at how the media is a source of 'knowledge' to present crime and victimisation and how the media invokes 'moral panics' about crime and lawless behaviour. There are a number of individuals who think when a person commits a crime they are punished for that crime. However, there is more to crime than just punishment. The media plays an important role in the construction of crime and lawless behaviour. Society's perception of victims, criminals, deviants and punishment is influenced by their portrayal in the mass media. ...

• Word Count: 2855
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It is obvious that significant improvements have been made in the way that the criminal justice system deals with Blacks during the history of the United States. Blacks have not always been afforded a right to trial, not to mention a fair one. Additionally, for years, Blacks were unable to serve on juries, clearly affecting the way both Blacks and whites were tried. Much of this improvement has been achieved through various court decisions, and other improvements have been made through federal and state legislatures. Despite these facts, the development of the legal system with regard to race ...

• Word Count: 3584
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

During the 18th century the legislations that protect children did not exist. Children were tried and sentenced for crimes they committed and were even sometimes put to death. In the 19th century people reformed for a change in the way that juveniles were treated within the criminal justice system. The reformers who wanted this change believed that children were not fully developed and could not be held accountable for many of the things they did. They believed that children had to be separated from adults within the corrections system and held in specialized facilities (Krygier, 3). ...

• Word Count: 3291
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

How media portrays crime and the effect it has on the public In our everyday life, we rely on many different forms of media for both information and entertainment; from news channels, to television, even the video games we play all fall into the category of media. Since we have such a social connect...

• Word Count: 2700
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

For the second part of the test, they were taken into another room where the same toys that were in the violent video were placed on a table, and this led to 88% of children showing signs of aggressive behaviour (Bandura, 1977). ...

• Word Count: 3847
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

To do so could result in severe prejudice to the person against whom the evidence is given, and it would not be in the interest of justice to allow such evidence which cannot be tested in the normal way. ...

• Word Count: 5729
• Approx Pages: 23
• Grade Level: High School

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explain the works of Edwin Sutherland and his theory of differential association. The differential association theory depicts a relationship between a societal structure and criminal behavior. Sutherland illustrates the focuses of differential association into nine detailed tenants. He arrived at these tenants through his different experiences with the theory, and the different versions of his book "Principles of Criminology". Differential association emphasis how an individual' interactions with people can have an affect on criminal beh...

• Word Count: 5291
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Presented Problem- Gangs As defined by Sgt. M. Longo's website on "Gang Information" of the Huron Valley Mens, "a gang is a group of people that form an allegiance to the exclusion of others, for a common purpose of engaging in violent, antisocial, or criminal behavior" (www.geocities.com/rainforest/4207/gangs.html). Gangs have been a problem for years in the big cities of the U.S. In Los Angeles, they account for about half of the city's murders. ...

• Word Count: 4105
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School