Genetic tests include techniques to examine genes or markers near the genes. ... Rendering test results is often complicated, even for qualified physicians. One must be aware of the probability of a false positive or false negative test result when interpreting the results of any genetic test. "Both types of errors can occur in tests. If a genetic test fails to detect the specific form of gene when it is actually present, the test result is called a "false negative". ...

• Word Count: 270
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Genetic testing is also used in criminal investigations. ... Until then, genetic testing should only be used with utmost caution. Genetic testing can lead to discrimination. ... Parenting issues arise out of some aspects of genetic testing. ... Overall, genetic testing poses some serious risks. ...

• Word Count: 978
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Genetic testing is also used in criminal investigations. ... Until then, genetic testing should only be used with utmost caution. Genetic testing can lead to discrimination. ... Parenting issues arise out of some aspects of genetic testing. ... Overall, genetic testing poses some serious risks. ...

• Word Count: 978
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

However there are many disadvantages to DNA testing, such as a challenge of accuracy, the costs of DNA testing and the possible misuse of DNA. ... DNA testing was first used in a criminal case in the United Kingdom in 1987. ... The possibility of DNA testing being inaccurate is very low, however, except in cases of identical twins who posses the exact genetic makeup. ... Police commended the DNA testing on this, saying that it flushed out the guilty. DNA testing involves many moral and ethical dilemmas, such as who it actually belongs to, the accuracy of the results, the costs...

• Word Count: 911
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

It is also important for nurses to better understand the procedures of genetic testing in order to morally and ethically conduct research. There are tests available that detect mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. ... There are obvious benefits to being genetically tested for being at risk for cancer. ... However, there are negative effects to genetic testing of cancer predisposition. ... They are responsible for explaining the ups and downs of genetic testing to potential participants. ...

• Word Count: 646
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

"Facing Your Genetic History" By: Siergio Pistoi Sergio Pistoi makes a brilliant point by establishing the advantages of genetic testing by giving us an example of a woman who's cardiac disease could not be detected with EKG's, but only through genetic testing. ... The key I believe that led scientists to the door of gene testing was their curiosity in identical twins. ... However, take a look at both sides to new and very rare genetic testing such as predictive tests. ...

• Word Count: 266
• Approx Pages: 1

There are a handful ways to test for CF. ... Higher than average amounts propose the person tested is positive for CF (NIH). ... The IRT tests for the presence of a specific protein named trypsinogen. Usually a positive IRT test will be further clarified with a sweat test in the event of a positive outcome. ... Prenatal testing is also available, if both parents have the CF gene mutation. ...

• Word Count: 1147
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

A person can be tested for Cystic Fibrosis in three ways; the first is by a sweat test to measure the amount of sodium chloride in their sweat, this is because people with Cystic Fibrosis have between 2 and 5 times the normal amount of salt in their sweat; the second is testing a newborn where doctors can measure the amount of a protein called trypsinogen in the blood. The level of this protein is higher than normal in people with Cystic Fibrosis and Finally, genetic tests can identify a faulty CFTR gene using a sample of the patient's blood. ...

• Word Count: 463
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Currently there are two tests for cystic fibrosis. One is a sweat test which will measure the amount of sodium and chloride in a person's sweat. During the test, a doctor will apply a sweat producing chemical on the arms or legs. ... They carry out the sweat test twice. ... The second test is a blood test. ...

• Word Count: 904
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

People fear that because genes are able to be patented the owner can charge as much as they'd like and hinder the public from receiving medical tests they require. ... An example of gene patenting that hit very close to home was regarding gene testing that could possibly detect life threatening diseases in women. ... "Jolie had been tested for the "faulty" gene BRCA1 and the test came back positive. Myriad owns a patent for the BRCA1 gene, and therefore, has exclusive rights to test for it because of the patent." It was disappointing to find out that the gene Jolie had testing i...

• Word Count: 1018
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Doctors introduced the first test for both carriers and those suspected of having ALD, based on high amounts of a key fatty molecule in their blood plasma. ... Moser, M.D., New Test Spots Carriers of ALD (Pg.1). A new test for preventing the ALD disease focuses only on the genes of the patient. ... Cutting, M.D., New Test Spots Carriers of ALD (Pg.1). New Advancements: One treatment that is being tested experimentally is an anti-cholesterol drug called Lovastatin. ...

• Word Count: 1105
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In the testing process the DNA samples are first entered into the wells in a gel like substance called Agarose. ... Also the process is done in private laboratories so the exact testing standards may not be followed and standardized quality controls may not be used. Human error can have false results if they do not use the exact testing standards with quality controls. The testing is very expensive and if the accused can't pay for the testing then they will not be able to defend themselves using the results of the test. ...

• Word Count: 952
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Irene/ Vincent - Gattaca Vincent and Irene live in the future of scientific advances when being born in a natural way means to be procreated in a test-tube so that any weaknesses or diseases are avoided in advance. ... In an era of perfection, Irene is procreated in the "natural" way; she is a test-tube baby who is almost genetically perfect. ... After delivery, the genetic test of his blood stamps him immediately "invalid", for, unfortunately, the probability of diseases and possible medical complaints in the near future is immensely high. ... Her life already ended when she was procreated i...

• Word Count: 766
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

Products that have all ready been made by using biotechnology to help people include human insulin for diabetics, growth factors used in bone marrow transplants, products for treating heart attacks, diagnostic test for infectious diseases like hepatitis and AIDS. ... Nucleic acid hybridization gives lab specialist a simple, direct way to use the DNA order of a gene as an exact test to detect and monitor that gene and what it is doing. ... In a lab in Salt Lake City called Myriad, they are testing cotton swabs that contain DNA off the cheeks of the victims that died in the World Trade Cente...

• Word Count: 807
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography

Vincent and Irene live in the future of scientific advances when being born in a natural way means to be procreated in a test-tube so that any weaknesses or diseases are avoided in advance. ... In an era of perfection, Irene is procreated in the "natural" way; she is a test-tube baby who is almost genetically perfect. ... After delivery, the genetic test of his blood stamps him immediately "invalid", for, unfortunately, the probability of diseases and possible medical complaints in the near future is immensely high. ... Her life already ended when she was procreated in a test-tube. ...

• Word Count: 756
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

"Tests are being done to detect abnormalities during pregnancy. ... At the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, researchers have transferred germ cells from virile mice to testes of infertile mice. ... In a second test, sperm cells from fertile mice were transplanted into testes of mice with low or no sperm count. This procedure yielded mature sperm in more than 70% of recipients (Fackleman 356). " Germ cells from a man with low sperm count may be cultured in the laboratory and used to replenish the man's testes" (Fackleman 356). ...

• Word Count: 1070
• Approx Pages: 4

Imagine if instead of watching a loved one suffer and die from AIDS, cancer or any one of a massive number of diseases, we could find the cause of these ailments and test possible cures. ... By synthesizing embryos for testing of diseases as well as many other options, we strengthen ourselves and our knowledge of the way medicine can work. ... Many people, especially pro-life conservatives, have a strong moral objection to doing tests on embryos. ... Thus performing tests on and sometimes killing these embryos is another major controversy. ... Why is it that society finds it acceptable to ...

• Word Count: 1215
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography

Studies are in the making with hormone testing and chromosome analysis to determine the medical mystery of why an extra copy of a Y chromosome leads to towering heights, learning disabilities and so on. ... Hormone testing and chromosome analysis are primarily used in researching this disease; however, males with this syndrome are tested on too. ...

• Word Count: 802
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Researchers have successfully located the gene and DNA sequence for Huntington's Disease on Chromosome 4 and have made a genetic test to determine if a person carries this gene. ... Because of the medical costs of treating such persons in terminal illnesses are very high, insurance companies who want to stay in business see this genetic test, and others like it, as an opportunity to screen prospective clients for the possible chance of such diseases. ... The individual persons privacy should remain to be the most important aspect of genetic testing. ...

• Word Count: 866
• Approx Pages: 3

However, as we move along into the future further tests and treatments are being created to allow this knowledge to be revealed to individuals affected by fragile X. ... For prenatal testing, chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis are both offered. However, in 1992 an accurate fragile X DNA test was created. ... With early testing of a child's genes, a family will become well prepared for their affected child. ...

• Word Count: 1228
• Approx Pages: 5

DNA testing has death row inmates from blame. ... DNA testing became available only in the early 1990's, due to advancements in science. If this testing had not been discovered until ten years later, many of these inmates would have been executed. And if DNA testing had been applied to earlier cases where inmates were executed in the 1970s and 80s, the odds are high that it would have proven that some of them were innocent as well. ...

• Word Count: 1092
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

Niccol specifies the presence of clinics where human DNA can be "sequenced" by prospective partners to test their worth. The corruption is emphasized by an unknown woman who is having traces of DNA tested from the saliva on her lips of a man she "just kissed five minutes ago". ...

• Word Count: 604
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Make the child perfect in the test tube, and save money later." ~ Roger Ebert "Imagine a society where everyone is more intelligent and healthier than you. ... For example, when applying for a job at the Gattaca Aerospace Corporation, Vincent, under an alternate identity, is only required to provide a blood test before he is hired and prepped for flight missions into space. ...

• Word Count: 638
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

However, what if the genetic testing performed on the mother proved to be inaccurate? ... Currently their are over 900 genetic tests that can be used to test for many common and rare diseases and disorders. ...

• Word Count: 1060
• Approx Pages: 4

Kevin's mother tried to protest, she wanted the USDA to test for E-Coli and shut down the companies that continued to fail. The companies won the battle and did not have test for E-Coli. It is scary to think that the USDA will not test all there meat. ...

• Word Count: 1076
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School