The back-end of any cellular network is the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), which extends out to the Network Subsystem (NSS) that contains the Mobile Switching Centers (MSC), among many other components. ... For a SIM to be authenticated by a network, it's identity should be known to the network. ... These mobile base stations can be used by the first responders to set up their own networks on the fly, similar to mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), but are different in protocol. Mobile networks referenced here should not to be mistaken with MANETs. Users are allowed to com...

• Word Count: 5242
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

About The Innovation A mobile phone is a portable telephone that works using a series of radio networks or cells. ... By 1991, major capital cities and highways linking them were now covered by the network. ... Telstra launched the first GSM network on 27th April 1993. ... Social Implications 12 years ago, mobile phones were only for the wealthy and had a "yuppie- image. 7 years ago they were still rare and now by 2003 over 65% of Australians own a mobile telephone. The increased use of these wireless devices creates many social implications for the society that uses them: u Priva...

• Word Count: 3397
• Approx Pages: 14

In the late 20th Century, mass media could be classified[by whom?]  into eight mass media industries: books, newspapers, magazines, recordings, radio, movies, television and the internet. With the explosion of digital communication technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the question ...

• Word Count: 4840
• Approx Pages: 19
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Social Increasing innovation in the Smartphone industry has largely been influenced by to adapt the changing social trends. Monthathip, Panos and Catherine(2009, p.2) stated that the mobile has shifted from being a technological object to a key social object as communication with others. ... Furthermore, a Smartphone not only has power to affect the social network of people, but also has increasingly become a part of lifestyle of many people. ... A persons social stratification could also be reflected from the phone model that he or she is using (Silva, Ratnadiwakara,Zainudeen,2011). ... Ther...

• Word Count: 2583
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate