Vroom considers the following product: valences, defined as affective orientations towards particular outcomes time the strength of the expectancies of their performance time the instrumentality that is the probability that good performances lead to rewards. ... The variables affecting individuals Ÿ expectancy probability are self-efficacy, i.e., a person's belief about his or her ability to perform a particular task successfully (see also below), goal difficulty, or perceived control over performance (e.g., many profit-sharing plans do not motivate employees working in large companies ...

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It could be internal or external causes, personality problems, immaturity, hypochondria, or poor motivation. ... Another cause of absenteeism is personality problems, which could be drug-related or alcohol related abuse, family problems/illness, or personality conflicts. ... To deal with this problem, manager should help the person to see how can they contribute to the team. ... It is a subjective probability. ... Motivational factors can be as simple as recognition, advancement, responsibility or the work itself (Helms, 2000). ...

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At it's best contains a variety of elements including; enthusiasm and commitment on the part of every to the organization and it's products, services and the customers; a corporate belief in the organization and all it's work; a measure of involvement in the implication of policy and achievement of objectives by all concerned; a clearly understood set of principles and operational standard by which the organization functions; the taking of pride by all members of staff in the organization and all it's work; adequate, effective and relevant communication processes and metho...

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• Approx Pages: 19