Roman Law was the law that was in effect throughout the age of antiquity in the City of Rome and later in the Roman Empire. When Roman rule over Europe came to an end, Roman law was largely--though not completely--forgotten. ... They provide not only a valuable insight into Roman law, but into Roman culture as well. ... (Civil Law, Compton's 96) During the last century of the republic the rules of the new system were generally made applicable to controversies b! etween Roman citizens. ...

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The Roman Catholic Church has refused to move with the shift. ... Stanton stresses that woman's degradation and oppression in the Roman Catholic Church stems from the "Canon Law ""the religious dogma of the Roman Catholic Church." ... This seems like a case of icing on the cake, which would seem that the Canon Law is the ratification of the Roman civil law in the Roman Catholic Church in order to continually dominate women. ... She further stresses that the Canon Law endows man with political freedom and all the rights that belongs to a citizen of a republic and sees woman as a slave...

• Word Count: 2952
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

As reflected in most of his surviving works, Machiavelli eludes more to the ingratitude and injustices of man as an incredibly necessary trait of a new Roman republic to ensure its strength and sustainability. ... Time spent not pushing the republic toward success as he sees it would be time spent ultimately pushing the republic closer to succumbing to failure. ... The evil Machiavelli speaks of has the power to overcome a corrupt republic that is suspicious of and ungrateful towards its great men as the Romans were to Caesar. ... What we ultimately see in Machiavelli's republic is that h...

• Word Count: 2733
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Romans have had almost every type of government there is. They've had a kingdom, a republic, a dictatorship, and an empire. ... In general, the Romans were very power-hungry. ... th me In cherishing the Romans, the master-race, The wearers of the Toga. ... Finally it was decided that the Romans would pick a Sabine king. ...

• Word Count: 4232
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

The majority of people in Italy are Roman Catholic. ... The city of Rome in Italy is the home of the Pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Italy is a Republic - a nation whose government is wholly elected. ... Vatican City, a State of it's own contained within the city of Rome, is the heart of the Roman Catholic Church and the predominant religion of Italy. ...

• Word Count: 3465
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The First Punic War marked the first Roman involvement outside of Italy, and was the beginning of the Romans conquest of the Mediterranean. ... The Second Punic War was the hardest war the Romans ever fought and resulted in huge losses for the Romans in materials and manpower. ... Giving the Romans a huge opportunity to grow and expand. ... The Romans made it to Africa in late summer. ... The Perseverance Of The Romans In the winter of 255 the Romans showed how capable and relentless they were by building another 140 ships. ...

• Word Count: 2984
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

It can be easily seen that Livy's history of early Rome was influenced by the last two centuries of the Republic, as similar themes appear in the first three books of Ab Urbe Condita and the writings of historians concerning the late Republic. ... Furthermore, Ab Urbe Condita is rife with retrojection because Livy's mindset was firmly entrenched in the Roman world of the past two centuries. The events of these two centuries formed the lens through which he viewed the history of the early Roman people. ... The first to attempt to reform this problem within the republic was Tiberius...

• Word Count: 2928
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Defenders of the Republic Opposition to the triumvirate Contents 1 Origin of the triumvirate page 4 2 The consular elections of 60 BC page 6 3 Opposition to Caesar's land bill page 8 4 Caesar strikes back page 11 5 Conclusion page 14 Introduction The first triumvirate marked the fall of the Roman Republic. ... The senate had its champions who still believed they could save the Republic of their ancestors and the mos maiorum. ... The arrangements he made were very profitable for the ...

• Word Count: 4359
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography

The English have been in Ireland as both peaceful settlers and conquerors since the 12th century. It was not until King Henry VIII (1509-1547) that the English interference took its toll on the Irish people. In order to subdue and rule Ireland, Henry sent Protestants to plant' or colonize Ireland...

• Word Count: 4515
• Approx Pages: 18
• Grade Level: High School

Professor Rufus Fears's essay opens this unique collection by examining the concept of liberty in Republican Rome and its transformation from the period of the Republic to the Empire. In the Republic, liberty was a religious tenet reserved exclusively for Romans. Juridically protected, it was considered necessary to preserve Roman morality. After the collapse of the Republic, the concept of liberty remained as a rhetorical support for the emperor, but its substantive meaning had changed. One development in this period, however, enhanced both the value and future success of liberty, fo...

• Word Count: 2975
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Romans were highly superstitious. ... The business of the state was also a major concern of the Roman people. ... As an example, during the time of the Roman Republic two consuls (the highest seat of political power) were elected by the people every year. ... The Romans, you could say, had a different way of looking at life. ... The spread of Christianity may have affected the Romans in two ways. ...

• Word Count: 3044
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

With Caesar being born straight in to Roman politics he was bound to get involved and be a part of the Roman political future. During Caesars time in Roman politics, he reshaped Rome in many ways, doing things past rulers could dream of accomplishing. ... Along with the debts came the unemployment, many Roman citizens had no job and were struggling to survive. ... Caesar tried to establish a monarchy and he tried to achieve much more than just a Roman dictator. ... Caesar had grown to think only of himself and had lost interest in the care of Roman citizens. ...

• Word Count: 3043
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

In a century marked by immense political unrest, public debate between the classes, and resurgence in new forms of art and culture, citizens are taking part in Caesar's grand Roman tradition. ... In addition, Religion has been a major force in the shaping of Roman history, politically as much as socially. ... The road felt like it was about fifty yards wide where the zebra goes across, and my friends and I got the sneaking suspicion that it was like a modern-day equivalent of the old Roman practice of throwing Christians to the lions; a deliberate piece of civic planning to give the local...

• Word Count: 2516
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

Nomadic German tribes had invaded the north of Italy and winning a couple battles over Roman armies. ... In Roman tradition the fathers arranged their children's' marriages at an early age. ... It left their party leaderless and could not stop Sulla from taking control of the republic. ...

• Word Count: 3515
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: High School

The citizen, in order to create a strong republic, must yield to the inevitable realization that each man by himself is weak. ... Machiavelli's Republic Considering Machiavelli's concepts of virtu and the functional role of the citizen in state affairs, we can infer that Machiavelli's republicanism is above all else a commitment to the vivere civil or civil life. ... To Machiavelli, the logical creation of an ordered state is a republic characterized by political and civil liberty. ... Machiavelli thus recognizes that an ordered republic that can insure political and civil ...

• Word Count: 4508
• Approx Pages: 18
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Gladiatorial contests hold a central place in our perception of Roman behavior. They were also a big influence on how Romans themselves ordered their lives. Attending the games was one of the practices that went with being a Roman. ... Aurelius found the sport boring and indeed he was unenthusiastic about Roman entertainment in general. ... Gladiators were trained at gladiator schools established during the late Republic at the time of Sulla 138-78 BC. ...

• Word Count: 3227
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

The senate was an institution in Ancient Rome which passed advice to magistrates in the form of 'senatus consulta' under the republic. ... Hence, as the empire become more widely accepted in Roman society, the senate's legislative role became less, with many emperors choosing to legislate by themselves, often ignoring the advice of the senate, and other emperors, such as Tiberius, although seeking senatorial debate, failing to initiate such. ... In contrast, as the title of 'Princeps' became more deeply embedded in Roman society, and there were no longer calls for a re...

• Word Count: 4022
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: Graduate

The Roman Colosseum exists today as a monumental relic of an Empire. ... Romans were not always so enthralled with games and shows. The last two centuries of the Republic showed a change in the attitudes of the citizens. Romans slowly went from a conservative and serious demeanor to more casual. ... Travertine, a type of limestone, fit the needs of the Romans perfectly. ...

• Word Count: 2911
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

The Romans used ideas of democracy similar to that of the Greeks, though not to the same extent. The Roman Empire (509-27 BC) took some of their governmental ideals from the Greeks. ... Many Roman political thinkers were fond of democracy. The Roman Statesman, Cicero was one. ... Modern American democracy is in the form of a democratic republic or a representative democracy. ...

• Word Count: 3560
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Three former Soviet republics - Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia - are situated in the area between the Main Caucasian Range and the River of Araz. ... Located at the meeting point of southeastern Europe and western borders of Asia this region was historically under the influence of Roman Empire, Greeks and later Mongols, Persians, and Turks. ...

• Word Count: 2599
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The Roman Synods of 1059 and 1063 exhorted the clergy to adopt a common rule to combine a monastic status with active life in the lay community, following the monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience without withdrawing from the world. ... Carmelites Carmelites, popular name for members of the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, a Roman Catholic religious order founded as a community of hermits in Palestine during the 12th century by the French hermit St Berthold. ... The order has produced some of the greatest Roman Catholic mystics. ... Dominicans or Friars Preachers, members of...

• Word Count: 2701
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

[ROMANS 11] At one point this appeared to be Paul's feeling towards the Jews and the Christians. ... In the text Romans, many of Paul's statements were misinterpreted by those Christians to make themselves appear more superior to the Jewish people. ... Scholars believe John wanted to gain favor with the Roman Hierarchy. Therefore, he emphasized the Jewish involvement in the death of Christ and minimized the Roman role. ... (Flannery) In the Edict of Milan (313CE), Emperor Constantine legalized Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. ...

• Word Count: 5463
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

(The word fascism derives from the Latin fasces: an ax surrounded by a bundle of sticks that represented the authority of the Roman state. ... In 1929, he settled Italy's sixty-year-old con- flict with the Roman Catholic Church. He signed a treaty that granted independence to the papal residence in the Vatican City and established Roman Catholicism as the official religion of the state. ...

• Word Count: 5609
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

He was assigned, as captain, to an army besieging Toulon, a naval base that was aided by a British fleet, while in revolt against the republic. ... In northern Italy he founded the Cisalpine Republic, and straightened his position in France by sending millions of francs worth of treasure to the government. ... He also concluded an agreement with the pope, which contributed to French domestic tranquillity and ended the quarrel with the Roman Catholic church that had arisen during the Revolution. ... In 1806 he seized the kingdom of Naples and made his elder brother Joseph king, converted the Du...

• Word Count: 2604
• Approx Pages: 10

Socrates contends in Book II of the Republic that there are three kinds of "good and that the finest of the three, the one in which justice belongs, is that which is desired for both its consequences and for its own sake" (Republic 93). To a certain extent Socrates is in agreement with Glaucon's notion that the majority [errantly] view justice otherwise, as they see it as a burden only practiced for it's consequences (Republic 94). ... In the same way, the soul exhibits justice by ruling the body in a such a way that "does not allow the elements in it each to do the job of some other...

• Word Count: 2653
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate