Methodology In searching for reasons that explain the institutional barriers for third party candidates, this literary review considers the seminal works on comparative electoral systems, from Maurice Duverger's Law to more recently produced studies by William Riker (1982), Gary Cox (1997), Jae-On Kim and Mahn-Geum Ohn (1992), Alan Ware (1996) and Octavio Amorim Neto (1997). ... An example of his research would be that lack of money hurt John Anderson (1980) but had no effect on Ross Perot (1992, 1996). ... Black and Black argued that Perot would have won the 1992 election had polls no...

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