Preuss notes that when the constitutional state gained favor in North America, it was founded on the principle of the unitary state; it was not designed to address the lack of national identity which is found throughout Europe - and which is counter to the concept of the constitutional state (48). ... As Preuss notes, "It will be extremely difficult to escape the economic and, in the long run also political, implications of this double-bind situation of Germany, one that remains a legacy of the postwar order" (51). ...

• Word Count: 1707
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

Russia has always seemed to have a rough and uneasy history littered with civil wars, coups, and ever-present change. Starting at a point in early Russian history, princes throughout Russia, or Kievan Rus as it was called at the time, would consistently feud with one another over power. From about ...

• Word Count: 1372
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Archie Brown notes that "Gorbachev has the political will to make significant innovations in both Soviet domestic and foreign policy"1, and German biographer Christian Shmidt-Hauer states that "the new leader is ambitious for power- not power for its own sake, but power to improve his own society"2.3 Anyhow, his personal attractive qualities and his remarkable profile of a Young Communist League member and a Law graduate from the Moscow State University, presented him as the most suitable Party Leader the USSR needs in order to optimize the unstable economic situation he i...

• Word Count: 1300
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

In the same vein, in his essay "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses," (Notes Towards an Investigation, 1972) the French philosopher Louis Althusser uses a Marxist perspective to study the relationship, in the modern context, between the governed and the governor. ...

• Word Count: 1473
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Graduate

Economy Of Hungary During the two decades following World War II, Hungary was transformed from a predominantly agricultural land into an industrial-agricultural state. This transformation was carried out under a system of central planning patterned on that of the Soviet Union. Consumer desires were ignored, tight labor discipline was enforced, and living standards were depressed, so that the largest possible share of Hungary's resources could be used to develop an industrial base. Investment in industry was encouraged by a tax and subsidy structure that overpriced consumer goods and unde...

• Word Count: 1630
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Interesting to note that a young Stalin, then the head of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities, wanted to deprive the Soviet Republics of their independence by turning them into republics within the RSFSR, but had his proposal rejected when Lenin opted for his own. ...

• Word Count: 1728
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Mutual distrust, suspicion, and misunderstandings can characterize the Cold War by two sides and their allies. The Cold War shortly followed the conference held between the leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain, which took place at the Black Sea resort of Yalta between the 4th and 11th of February 1945. This event held great significance as it led to the Cold War. At Yalta, the Allied leaders, known as the Big Three, met to plan the last stages of the Second World War and agree to the subsequent territorial division of Europe. Notable postwar settlements were d...

• Word Count: 2338
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate