In the years between 1850 and 1870, nationalism was evolving from the ideals of earlier decades to realities of power politics. No political force was stronger than nationalism after 1850. ... The new generation of leaders molded nationalism to fit harsh political realities. ... After the bloody battles of Magenta and Solferino, Austria gave Piedmont Lombardy and kept Venetia within Austrian power. ... With Emmanuel II as monarch and the Piedmontese Constitution of 1848 as the national charter. ...

• Word Count: 750
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

France was an absolute monarchy and a fatal weakness in the system was its inability to produce strong monarchs. ... A limited monarch now appeared and the National Assembly had set up eighty-three departments, had curbed the power of the church and abolished the evils of the old regime. ... But gradually, as the need for terror decreased, so did the power and influence of Robespierre. ... In power, he worked on organising France and closing off the revolution. ... When the inevitable seizure of power did take place, the Bolsheviks did so with relative ease. ...

• Word Count: 1763
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

Before Peter introduced westernization, monarchs as well as their subjects led a very simple life. ... A clever and deceitful woman, Catherine overthrew her husband after a bad political decision and coerced officials into naming her empress, giving her control of Russia in 1762. ... In her "Instruction" of 1767, Catherine stated that a Monarch must be given full support, for they are the absolute authority and all other authorities would ruin the nation. ... While Catherine clearly advocated a strong tsarist control, she also differed from Peter I, because she gave nobles power over peasants...

• Word Count: 969
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Nicholas II was Czar from 1896-1917, and his rule was the brute of political disarray. ... As an autocrat, no other monarch in Europe claimed such large powers or stood so high above his subjects as Nicholas II. ... Socially, Russia was in just about as much of as mess as they were politically. ... Most were, until this time, politically unaware. ... Surprizingly, the power of the poeple was more than enuogh to impact the Czar's power and to bring a hault to his order. ...

• Word Count: 1882
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

As an autocrat, no other monarch in Europe claimed such large powers or stood so high above his subjects as Nicholas II. ... He wielded his power through his bureaucracy, which contained the most knowledgeable and skilled members of Russian high society. Like the Czar, the bureaucracy, stood above the people and were always in danger of being poisoned by their own power. ... Socially, Russia was in just about as much of as mess as they were politically. ... Even under the political restrictions imposed by Stolypin and his successors, with the creation of the Duma and political parties, peop...

• Word Count: 1001
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

The Balkan area was crucial for Russian expansionism in order to gain power in Europe. ... The church was an essential part of Russian politics because the majority of people followed the principles of the religion and would support the government if it used common principles. ... The foreign policy called for a growth in power by expansionism. ... For the monarch of Russia, maintaining the strength of the religion was a priority because if the church supports the government, then the people will also promote autocracy. ... According to his advisors, he was genuinely surprised to hear that the...

• Word Count: 2499
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

However, instead of solving these problems effectively, Ivan used his power to double the oppression of his people and forcefully subdue any signs of uprising. This nature of the Tsarist regime prevented any political reform. ... Print) Despite its ruthless reign, the Romanov dynasty remained in absolute power for three centuries, due to a number of reasons. ... Indeed, he was in close terms with various monarchs, such as King George V of Britain and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany. ... Indoctrinated with the Divine Right of Kings all his youth, Nicholas was categorically against political refor...

• Word Count: 1250
• Approx Pages: 5

The abdication led Russia to change significantly with immediate consequences such as political turmoil, short term consequences such as the revolution and long term consequences such as Stalin ruling of Russia. ... Although they supported the Tsar in his reign they believed that he should share his power equally. They wanted a system of government that was democratic, such as the one used in Britain, this meant an elected parliament shared power with the monarch. ... As no other royals could take the throne Russia became a republic, this meant that they were not governed by a monarch but by a...

• Word Count: 2288
• Approx Pages: 9

Her title to be considered a great reforming ruler is by no means equally clear.4 Catherine had the power, not her lovers. ... Different sources claimed that Catherine had taken all of this power only by the influence of her lovers. ... Even to this day, Catherine still has intellectual works written about her, which proves her importance throughout Russia even to this day, as she's one of the many monarchs who carried on the Romanov Dynasty. ... Her achievements had also played a key role in the development of a more modernised Russia, not only in a political sense, but also in a cultur...

• Word Count: 1259
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

So when he became tsar, Nicholas had no knowledge of the world of men, politics or government. His training was only adequate for the role of consitutional monarch. ... And even when he did implement the Duma, he did not give it any power, he would still choose the minister he wanted, not give it any military support and would try to dismiss the Duma. ... Even the camarilla (a group of distinguished but degenerating families who were afraid to losing their power to changes and capitalism) found the Nicholas was too weak to keep tsarist autocratic rule strong. ... As Nicholas was weak and indec...

• Word Count: 996
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

She made Russia into a country active in the political, economic, and social styles of the rest of Europe, and led it to become a known power in the continent. ... Voltaire summed Catherine up in two words calling her a "benevolent despot," meaning an absolutist monarch molded by the philosophies of the Enlightenment. ... Catherine's visions for Alexander led him to show his power as a reformist and in foreign policy, hoping to better the nation. ... Alexander's Deputy Minister of Justice and State Secretary, Mikhail Speransky assumed a supreme role in the political affai...

• Word Count: 2847
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate