How did Europe catch up and eventually surpass the great civilizations in the Middle East and the Orient? ... E. 1000- 1500, it would be true to say that around 90% of Europe's population was poor and had no possible way to progress themselves onto a higher financial plane (Rosenburg, 6). ... The new middle class allowed craftsmen to specialize entirely in the production of one such good. ... Such organizations existed in Europe throughout most of the Middle Ages, originating in around the twelfth century and continuing to exist well into the eighteenth century. ... Indeed, further un...