These techniques are commonly used by airport management to measure financial, economic and operational efficiency. ... PFP is a technique that is commonly used to measure airport performance. ... Such differences can have significant impact on partial measure of labor productivity. ... It measures efficiency and inefficiency in airport industry (Gillen & Lall, 1997). ... Graham (2005) categorises economic measures into cost efficiency, productivity and profitability. ...

• Word Count: 2404
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The current ratio measures the extent to which a business can pay its short-term debts (liquidity). ... In contrast, gearing measures the solvency of the business as an indicator of long-term stability. Gearing measures the relationship between debt and equity. ... Thus the gearing ratio, through measuring solvency, can contribute to business success. Profitability ratios, such as the net profit ratio (NPR), measure how much return the business is able to generate from sales and return on owners' equity. ...

• Word Count: 1418
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

President Lee Myung-bak from South Korea said, "The countries in crisis will have to find measures that might be painful and politically unpopular in the short term, but nonetheless they must pursue this path" (Castillo). ... Although the two sides are in direct opposition, "they agree that we need to listen to Europe, especially to Germany, to see what measures it proposed to exit the euro crisis," said Argentine Foreign Minister Hector Timerman (Castillo). ... Some analysts predict that if these measures do take effect, the United States will face another recession (Castillo). ... A...

• Word Count: 1321
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Real GNP (Gross National Produce) measures the income of an economy, the quantity of goods and services the economy can afford to purchase . ... GNP is a measure of this performance, it differs from GDP, as this measures the value of output in the economy , meaning that it doesn't take into account the net property income from abroad and thus doesn't show us the income from interest, dividends etc. Real GNP measures the total income earned by domestic citizens regardless of the country in which their factor services was supplied . ... Unemployment measures the amount of a nation'...

• Word Count: 1453
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

The first measure is direct Government spending, with a major focus on investment in infrastructure. ... A more effective measure in the Ten Year Tax Plan is the reduction of company tax for small businesses, from 28.5% to 27.5%. ... As the Government plans to decrease expenditure over the years, it needs to take measures now, to ensure employment and economic growth can remain stable. ... These measures, combined with the estimated $2.9b from the superannuation tax changes, can have a major impact on public debt. ...

• Word Count: 1386
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Three budget speeches later, economists are now in a position to critically evaluate the success of the measures implemented from 2008-2012. ... The analysis starts with the broadest measures of success and gradually disaggregates the components of the national budget to reveal the hidden conflicts inherent in any matter of public choice. ... Countercyclical fiscal policy entails the notion that during downturns the government should increase measures aimed at employment creation and income subsidization to compensate for losses (Worral, 2009:2). ... Hence, a stricter and more humane measure...

• Word Count: 2383
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

As far as western nations are concerned, the existence of derivatives could undermine the effectiveness of such a measure. ... Such a measure would generally be matched by complementary measures, such as the obligation to maintain the investment for a minimum period (say, a year). ... These measures would be focussed at reforming the market by various policies. 3. ...

• Word Count: 2133
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Presenting a comparative flow measure for the company in terms of a value added/stocks measure, Froud et al. (1998) indeed demonstrate that the company with a constantly superior flow from 1980 to 1995 is Caterpillar, not Komatsu. ... Furthermore, there was lack of accountability measures and Caterpillar had no visibility into its profitability by product or by country: the received data only regarded the company as a whole. Because of the lack of product or regional profitability measures, prices were not market- but rather cost-driven. ...

• Word Count: 2426
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

For example, a farmer wanting to measure his wealth might have simply counted the number of his cows and sheep. ... Financial accounting is concerned with classifying and measuring the transactions of a business and recording them. ... In 1966 the American Accounting Association defined accounting as "the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the information". ... If we combine all of the definitions of accounting, we end up with the definition that accounting is "an information system that measures, pro...

• Word Count: 1977
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Economic development is a broad measure of welfare and social wellbeing of a population in a nation. ... To measure a country's relative economic development, there are several indicators which are used universally. ... Measuring by GNI, around three quarters of the world's raw GNI output belongs to high income or advanced economies. ...

• Word Count: 1477
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Some of the factors contributing to the vast improvement in inflation include austerity measures which have reduced wage growth, a determination to keep the exchange rate stable against major European currencies, the sale of inefficient state run enterprises and a willingness amongst policy makers to avoid inflationary policy measures. ... Economic policies since the late 1980's have recognized the shortcomings of Greece's inflation performance and partly as a result of pressure from the European Union has led to policy measures aimed at bridging the gap in inflation between the EU a...

• Word Count: 1623
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

This economic expansion created a great deal of employment because of a greater demand for labor relating to increased production and the increasingly elastic measures in the labor market. ... Because the policies of supply and demand, certain measures have been taken. These measures include the dropping of the growth of demand and increasing the possible expansion of the economy. ...

• Word Count: 2349
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

And, 4-poverty alleviation measures. ... When the paper came for review in an inter-governmental meeting, the Finance Minister and Special Adviser to the Prime Minister (Shahid Javed Burki) fully supported the proposals meant to give to the SBP a measure of autonomy but the senior bureaucrats of the Ministry of Finance showed a lukewarm, if not a hostile, attitude to the proposed reforms. ... In his address to the nation on August 19, 1993, the Caretaker Prime Minister, while outlining a programe of socio-economic reforms, stated that measures were to be taken "to turn the Sta...

• Word Count: 2277
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Production and Cost in the Firm The production and cost in the firm deals strongly with the supply side of the market. Firms produce goods and services by combining various resource inputs and then selling the finished goods to consumers or other firms. Production involves technical processes and ...

• Word Count: 1668
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

The headline rate which takes in most items used by urban households uses the CPI to measure it. ... Items, in terms of change in prices are also used to gauge the relationship between aggregate demand and supply, a measure at the pressure of aggregate demand on the economy. ...

• Word Count: 1503
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

women and their resources were centrally involved in prevailing development policies and practices, though not in ways that benefited women. Appropriating women's resources - land, time, food and energy resources, paid and unpaid labor, community networks for maintaining health, political and econ...

• Word Count: 1735
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Microeconomic reform policies are necessary to address specific structural problems in markets such as a lack of competition or efficiency which cannot be addressed through macroeconomic policies and so require the application of selective policy measures (such as reform of the labour market) to raise productivity. ... This improvement in productivity can be attributed to the adoption of more flexible labour market practices including enterprise bargaining; the range of microeconomic reform measures introduced to make markets more competitive and the increasing absorption of new technologies...

• Word Count: 1779
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The paper will be concluded with a look at preventative measures to insure that the Asian Crisis doesn't happen again. ... It seems that the foreign banks thought that whatever problems or short-term inter-bank liabilities might arise would be effectively guaranteed by government measures and intervention or by bailouts from the IMF. ...

• Word Count: 1820
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

The HPI measures how much of the Earth's resources nations use and how long and happy a life their citizens enjoy as a result. It is better than measuring of economic growth of countries. ...

• Word Count: 2235
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

By this measure Ireland came ahead of only Portugal of the ten EU economies included. ... The dynamism in marketing Ireland's advantages of fiscal incentives, grant aid, support for training and other measures, has also proved to be key. ...

• Word Count: 1917
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

It is very difficult to measure a state's power simply because power comes in different forms, it is difficult to measure the psychological make up of the leaders of the state, and it is difficult to know the effect diplomacy may have on a state. ...

• Word Count: 2427
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

HK versus Singapore as International Financial Centres: its strengths and weaknesses An International Financial Centre (IFC) is a collection of markets that trade financial services or products and help to allocate resources or property rights efficiently. It is not an easy task to become a ...

• Word Count: 1965
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In 1978, the Chinese government commenced economic reforms which saw the economy experience tremendous economic growth. And between 1978 and 2007 the annual growth rate of GDP per capita averaged at 10 percent without any signs of deceleration. As a matter of fact, China accounted for 35 percent of the growth in the world GDP at purchasing power parity prices. In 2007, the country experienced a historical economic expansion of over 14 percent. However, in 2012, the economic expansion eased, with real GDP growth estimated at around 8 percent, but its economic growth was still stable and continu...

• Word Count: 2232
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

CUBA DURING 1960-1989: After assuming power, the government of Fidel Castro implemented measures to transform the Cuban economy through radical changes and adjustments directed towards the formation of a different economic system. ... Canada passed the Foreign Extraterritorial Measures Act (FEMA), which permits any awards paid to the US to be recovered through the Canadian courts if the US party has assets in Canada. ...

• Word Count: 2137
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography

December of 2007 marked the embarkation of an eighteen-month long global financial crisis, which in turn triggered a recession unprecedented in its slow recovery. Although America has experienced numerous recessions in the past none such have been characterized by such high unemployment along with a...

• Word Count: 2201
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate