It was originally intended to apply only to the federal government, while the individual states would have their own sets of laws that they would follow. ... The result was buildup of sand near Barron's wharf, which rendered the water too shallow for most ships to come into, costing Barron a lot of business. ... No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal prot...

• Word Count: 2594
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Perhaps the most difficult aspect, however, of the Court's creation would be the reality that this Constitution in no way implied what the true "power" of the Court was outside of being capable of reversing or affirming state court decisions denying rights granted by treaties, laws, or the Constitution itself. ... Working off of precedent in cases such as Marbury and Chisholm, Marshall made it clear in Fletcher that the Supreme Court is indeed empowered to hold state laws unconstitutional. ... Nearing the end of Marshall's term, another critical case would be presented before the C...

• Word Count: 4341
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The District courts are where most cases involving federal law begin. ... Many types of cases are heard in the district courts, including civil law (crimes against an individual) and criminal law (crimes against the public or state). ... A very small percentage of these cases, where parties believe mistakes in the law were made, move onto the U.S. ... Usually all these cases involve a question of constitutionality and federal law. ... With the primary function of lawmaking, introducing and voting on bills to become laws is its main form of influence. ...

• Word Count: 4055
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

The members of Westboro Baptist Church ("Westboro"), led by Fred Phelps, picketed near the funeral to demonstrate their view that "the United States is overly tolerant of sin and that God kills American soldiers as punishment." ... In compliance with local law enforcement instructions of picketing, their picketing took place on public land approximately 1,000 feet from the St. ... Roughly forty years later, the Court first recognized that state tort law constitutes state action and, therefore, the First Amendment can operate as a safeguard to defendants exercising their right. ... The Westbor...

• Word Count: 3341
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

During the 18th century, the number of capital crimes grew to 300 and it is felt that executions reflected "God's law" and were necessary for maintaining order. ... More states began to reduce the number of capital crimes and made laws more flexible. ... So many people were appalled by the execution that it led to the 1911 repeal of Minnesota's death laws. Some people in the states where capital punishment no longer existed took the law into their own hands and killed criminals with guns and beatings. ... New York later reinstated the death penalty law with death by lethal injec...

• Word Count: 6785
• Approx Pages: 27
• Grade Level: High School

Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, that laws separating the races in school are unconstitutional. ... Stationed on or near the campus to protect him were 123 deputy federal marshals, 316 US Border Patrolmen, and 97 federal prison guards. ... Aaron, 1958 v/s The court repeated that no law or policy of state or local governments could directly or indirectly have the effect of promoting racial segregation. ... Racial isolation, established by law, was largely eliminated in the South. ... For many years, some people were not ready to accept that the time had come for minorities to be acc...

• Word Count: 6633
• Approx Pages: 27