Mustafa, Muslim resident of Djibouti The passage above describes a typical procedure known as female genital mutilation (FGM) or female circumcision (FC). ... In Sudan, it is most common for the procedure to be performed on girls between the ages of four and twelve years of age, serving as a rite of passage into womanhood (Rahman and Toubia 3). ... As mentioned before, the procedure is a longstanding tradition and custom serving as a rite of passage into womanhood. ... But, there are a few certain passages where inferences to such a practice are questionable. ...

• Word Count: 2538
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Mustafa, Muslim resident of Djibouti The passage above describes a typical procedure known as female genital mutilation (FGM) or female circumcision (FC). ... In Sudan, it is most common for the procedure to be performed on girls between the ages of four and twelve years of age, serving as a rite of passage into womanhood (Rahman and Toubia 3). ... As mentioned before, the procedure is a longstanding tradition and custom serving as a rite of passage into womanhood. ... But, there are a few certain passages where inferences to such a practice are questionable. ...

• Word Count: 2538
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

African Agency and Resistance If demand for slave-grown produce, social identity, and the Atlantic environment were three key factors shaping the traffic, the agency of Africans comprised a fourth major influence, but one which has received less attention from historians. ... Early Slaving Voyages With the key forces shaping the traffic briefly described, we can now turn to a short narrative of the slave trade. ...

• Word Count: 4994
• Approx Pages: 20
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The second step and the one that cost the lives of so many African slaves were the crossing of the Atlantic or 'the middle passage'. ... The total number of slaves imported by the Portuguese is estimated at around 4.2 million- excluding those who met their fatal end during the middle passage- and their economy dramatically flourished during their time as the leader of transatlantic trade7. ...

• Word Count: 2679
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate