As Drake explains " the silencing and punishment of Galileo toward the end of a life devoted to scientific inquiry was an event of profound significance for our cultural history" (pg. iii). ... It must be kept in mind that the Roman Catholic Church in Italy throughout this period was on the defense in response to the Protestant threat and in many ways attempted to squelch and extinguish through different means any threat to its authority. The most dangerous sources were the developing ideas and theories throughout Europe and Italy itself that challenged many of the ancient sciences and foundat...

• Word Count: 3037
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In a lengthy history of German princes being dissatisfied with the strength and/or administration of the Pope, Barbarossa did what came natural to a unified central power: he sought to expand land control as well as personal authority. ... Having united his Germanic lands as a strong leader, giving the German princes tremendous liberties within their own lands in exchange for their full support in his military endeavors, Frederick I controlled Germany, married into Burgundy, and set his sights on Italy. ... Alexander had allied with Milan and lost and was in France, fleeing Barbarossa's a...

• Word Count: 2829
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The oldest of the Christian churches, the Roman Catholic Church has a very long history in Germany and remains one of the largest religions in the German speaking world. ... What he did altered not only theology and religion, but also irrevocably changed the course of history. ...

• Word Count: 2755
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Session I was convened on October 11, 1962, which was attended by 2500 Bishops, the largest gathering in the Church's history. ... Masses were traditionally conducted in Latin, the language originally spoken by those in Latium, Italy. ...

• Word Count: 2753
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In this confrontation, Pope Pius II realized the corruption of the young Rodrigo and wrote a letter to Rodrigo for his misconduct in Sienna and also wrote saying that Rodrigo often drank, gambled, and even often visited brothels (a house of "legal " prostitutes in Italy), even though Rodrigo had been ordained as Priest in 1468. ...

• Word Count: 2887
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate