In the lattice, each positive sodium ion is surrounded by six negative chloride ions and each negative chloride ion is surrounded by six positive sodium ions. The position of the ions is fixed and apart from vibration about these fixed positions no other movement of the ions occurs in the solid compound. Each ion in an ionic solid is held in the crystal lattice by strong electrostatic attractions to the oppositely charged ions around it. ... Another example is magnesium oxide; magnesium transfers its covalent electrons to oxygen forming the magnesium ion and an oxide ion. ... They are non-cond...

• Word Count: 3267
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

This gave us aqueous solutions of both the organic and inorganic compounds. ... By adding 3M HCl to our solution, the hydrogen ions would protonate the nitrogen group of m-nitroaniline, forming a salt compound which would dissolve into the aqueous layer. ... This way, we would be two immiscible layers: an organic layer containing only naphthalene dissolved in ethyl acetate and an aqueous layer containing the m-nitroaniline salt, protons, and chloride ions dissolved in water. ... We first wanted to test if the the two compounds had any sulfate ions or chloride ions since all of the given poss...

• Word Count: 3975
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Then the mixture was poured into a 125mL separatory funnel and the bottom aqueous layer was drained. ... The n-butyl bromide was transferred back into the separatory funnel and 14mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate was added to the solution. ... It also served to protonate the hydroxyl group of n-Butyl alcohol to displace more water than the hydroxide ion. ... Polar protic solvents are good at solvating anions, and the more electronegative an ion becomes, the tighter it is held in a solvent shell of which the nucleophile must be partially removed for SN2 reactions. ... Similarly, sodiu...

• Word Count: 1514
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography

In this process an aqueous solution is the combination of hydronium ions with hydroxide ions to form water. ... The pH of a substance is the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. This means that as the pH increases, the amount of hydrogen ions is decreasing and, therefore, the substance is less acidic. Since this is a logarithmic scale, each time the pH increases by one, it represents a ten-time decrease in the amount of hydrogen ions. ...

• Word Count: 911
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

Acids are substances that reacts with water to produce hydronium ion, H3O+, and bases are substances that produces hydroxide ion, OH-, in water. ... As a result two opposing reactions simultaneously occur, one that removes ions and one that forms ions. ... As more H+ ions are created in the above equilibrium equation above, the system adjusts itself to create more H+ ions. As more H+ ions are created, more HA must be broken down into H+ and A- ions, leaving less and less HA. ... However, if a base such as sodium hydroxide is added to an aqueous solution of HA at equilibrium, the following neut...

• Word Count: 1211
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

Hydrogen in water reacts with minerals in the rock or there is a combination of the H+ and OH- ions in the water and the ions of the mineral. The rate of hydrolysis depends on the amount of H+ ions, which in turn depends on the composition of air and water in the soil, the activity of organisms, the presence of organic acids and the cation exchange. ... According to Schaetzl and Anderson, Carbonation is a general term for weathering processes associated with CO2 in aqueous solution. ...

• Word Count: 953
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

As a result some of the precipitate returns back to separate Silver and Chloride ions. ... If we consider worst case scenario where the maximum amount of chloride ions dissolve and remain in the solution the following concept helps to calculate the solubility of the Chloride ions: For this reaction, each mole of AgCl that dissolves produces 1 mole of both Ag+  ions and Cl- ions. The solubility would then equal the concentration of either the Ag+ or Cl- ions. ... None the less if this photochemical decomposition happens in the presence of excess Silver ions in an aqueous solution the following...

• Word Count: 2064
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

The crystal lattice of metals consists of ions NOT atoms. ... The ions formed have full outer shells. ... Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with negative ions. ... Molten or aqueous form undergoes electrolysis, which involves conduction of electricity because of the movement of the ions. ... The sodium ion in the centre is being touched by 6 chloride ions. ...

• Word Count: 2699
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: High School

It also occurs in other fruits in vegetables and in animal tissues and fluids either as the free acid or as citrate ion. ... Crystallization of citric acid from a hot aqueous solution yields anhydrous citric acid; crystallization from a cold solution yields the monohydrate. ... The metal is solubilized as the complex ion and following extraction, the pure metal is recovered by reduction with zinc dust. In silver-plating, a smooth adherent deposit is obtained on a metal cathode when electrolysis is carried in presence of an excess of cyanide ion. ...

• Word Count: 1581
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Important Facts the smallest unit of life is the cell instructions for development are contained in DNA collectively, all of the chemical processes in a cell are called metabolism producers often obtain energy from the sun homeostasis refers to the ability to maintain a constant internal environment cells in domains archaea and eubacteria lack nucleii plants are multicellular producers an educated guess might be called a hypothesis science is based on evidence philosophy is not a step in the scientific method an atom is the smallest unit of substance that retains the properties of the subst...

• Word Count: 10700
• Approx Pages: 43
• Grade Level: High School

Due to its water solubility epinephrine binds to membrane bound receptors where this binding then activates the opening of ion channels. ... Another example of epinephrine being used with the G-protein mechanism is the opening of ion channels, more specifically calcium channels which allows smooth muscles to contract. ... [Soc131] Cortisol is a lipid soluble hormone which means that it is small in size and has a low solubility in aqueous fluids. ...

• Word Count: 2112
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate