This paper will focus on the societal reaction perspective to crime and deviance as developed in the works of Edwin Lemert, Howard S. Becker, and John Kitsuse. ... (Lemert, 1951) Howard S. Becker built on the work of Lemert and was especially influenced by the Chicago School of Criminology. ... Becker can be seen as unique from Lemert in the sense that he fully identified with ethnomethodology. ...

• Word Count: 1737
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Howard Becker, the founder of labeling theory, states that ""Deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an offender. ... (Becker 9) So when a person is labeled for their deviant acts they are cut-off or pushed aside by society. ... In 1991 Howard Kaplan and Robert Johnson presented a model of the direct and indirect consequences that labeling had on later deviance. ...

• Word Count: 1286
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School