Brief History of the Insanity Defense In 1834 the guiding principles for evaluating defendants claiming mental illness to exculpate criminal responsibility were established by the British courts as the result of the Daniel M'Naghten case. ... § 13-502 (1996), utilized in this index case, violate the defendant's right to due process under the United States Constitution insofar as only one of the two M'Naghten's insanity test prongs were utilized. ... Arizona the defendant contended that the full M'Naghten two pronged rule was the minimum test compulsory to satisfy...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

When the court struck down theuse of a school scripted general prayer declaring obedience to God, had been accused of legislating " never adjudicated with on eye on Kremlin and the other in the NAACP" and the congressman called it "the most tragic rulling in the history of the United States." ... The court promulgated for the first time a test by which to compare potential infringements of the First Amendment Establishment Clause. ...

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., joined by Rehnquist, said that, "it was held that the confrontation clause did not absolutely prohibit the child witnesses from testifying through the statutory procedure, because (1) face-to-face confrontation with witnesses appearing at trial is not an indispensable element of the Sixth Amendment's confrontation the word "confront," as used in the confrontation clause, cannot simply mean face-to-face confrontation; (2) the Supreme Court, in prior cases, had held that other Sixth Amendment rights must be interpreted in the context of the necessities of trial and the adversary process;...

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Gray, a veteran Judge of the Superior Court in Orange County, "the war on drugs has resulted in the loss of more civil liberties protection than has any other phenomenon in our history" (1Gray 2). ... In 1997 when federal examiners drug tested certain inmates in federal prisons, nine percent of these inmates tested positive for drugs in their system (1Gray 49). ...

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When I was a child, I faced challenges such as: being diagnosed with a learning disability in reading comprehension, watching my great grandmother battle lung cancer and being turned down by the fire department. My ultimate goal in life is to become a firefighter and paramedic. Sonia Sotomayor penne...

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Reconstruction is probably the most controversial period in U.S. history. ... During the years of the war, President Abraham Lincoln hoped that the southern states could be reestablished by meeting a minimum test of political loyalty. ...

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The case is one of the most influential cases in Supreme Court history. ... This case was the first test of the constitutionality of federally chartered banks and nationally issued paper currency. ... "Early in our history, our monetary system consisted of numerous foreign coins and paper currencies issued by the 13 colonies and the Continental Congress" (McCulloch Vs. ...

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What happens when the pictures and content you post online for friends to see are also viewed by potential employers or colleges? The question has heightened in importance through recent years, where photos, profiles, and online commentary are being factored into who gets hired or accepted into a ce...

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The court, which is over two centuries old, has a deep history which has helped to shape it into the grand institution that it has become. ... However, Judicial Review had also been tested many times and had always held. ...

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The plaintiff, a white male, brought up the issue that he believed he had been rejected merely on the basis of his Caucasian status, and that minorities who had gained admission into the University had lower test scores then he did . ... "I believe these rulings in support of affirmative action will go down in history as among the greatest landmark decisions of the Supreme Court. ...

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During the early testing period when few precedents existed, there was much debate about fundamental issues concerning what was intended by the words of the Constitution and which part of government should have the final word in defining the meaning of these words. ... The Supreme Court is the only branch of government that could act to strengthen the national government during the early history of the Constitution. ...

• Word Count: 1148
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate