1. An Introduction to Irish History
These remained independent of each other until 1244, when Pope Innocent IV consolidated them as one order; in 1256 Pope Alexander summoned them from their seclusion to take up an active life in the world. ... The dissolution of the monasteries in England by Henry VIII included all those belonging to the Austin Friars. ... Gregory I was the first of 50 Benedictines who have occupied the papal throne; some others were Leo IV, Gregory VII, Pius VII, and Gregory XVI. ... It was not until 1425 that permission to hold property was granted to certain houses by Pope Martin V; it was extended to the e...